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<p>Efficient oil/water separation remains a major challenge due to increasing industrial wastewater discharge and frequent petroleum oil spills. Conventional separation materials often suffer from limited selectivity, low reusability, and complex fabrication. Hydrogels with high hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity offer a promising strategy for gravity-driven oil/water separation. This study reports the development of a xanthan gum–poly(vinyl alcohol) (XG–PVA) hydrogel-based membrane for oil/water separation. The membranes were synthesized via a simple chemical crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde, and the XG content was evaluated. Among the prepared formulations, XG–PVA-4 exhibited the best performance with a water contact angle of 31.65°±5.44° and an underwater oil contact angle of 147.85°±1.34°, confirming a hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic surface. The membrane exhibited a high swelling ratio of 1.61&#xa0;g g<sup>− 1</sup> indicated enhanced water affinity and reduced crystallinity. In gravity-driven separation tests, XG–PVA-4 achieved separation efficiencies of 98.95% for toluene, 98.25% for gasoline, and 98.85% for diesel. Reusability testing over 10 cycles maintained stable performance. The permeate flux declined from 563 to 408&#xa0;L·m<sup>− 2</sup>·h<sup>− 1</sup>. The normalized flux remained above 0.72. The cost analysis estimated a fabrication cost of approximately USD 320 per membrane. Reusability enables a 56% reduction in maintenance, substantially improving overall cost efficiency.</p>

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Hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic xanthan gum–PVA hydrogel-based membrane for gravity-driven oil/water separation: performance and cost analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi,
  • Safa Senan Mahmod,
  • Ibrahim A. Suleiman,
  • Ahmad T. Shawaqfeh,
  • Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi,
  • Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim

摘要

Efficient oil/water separation remains a major challenge due to increasing industrial wastewater discharge and frequent petroleum oil spills. Conventional separation materials often suffer from limited selectivity, low reusability, and complex fabrication. Hydrogels with high hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity offer a promising strategy for gravity-driven oil/water separation. This study reports the development of a xanthan gum–poly(vinyl alcohol) (XG–PVA) hydrogel-based membrane for oil/water separation. The membranes were synthesized via a simple chemical crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde, and the XG content was evaluated. Among the prepared formulations, XG–PVA-4 exhibited the best performance with a water contact angle of 31.65°±5.44° and an underwater oil contact angle of 147.85°±1.34°, confirming a hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic surface. The membrane exhibited a high swelling ratio of 1.61 g g− 1 indicated enhanced water affinity and reduced crystallinity. In gravity-driven separation tests, XG–PVA-4 achieved separation efficiencies of 98.95% for toluene, 98.25% for gasoline, and 98.85% for diesel. Reusability testing over 10 cycles maintained stable performance. The permeate flux declined from 563 to 408 L·m− 2·h− 1. The normalized flux remained above 0.72. The cost analysis estimated a fabrication cost of approximately USD 320 per membrane. Reusability enables a 56% reduction in maintenance, substantially improving overall cost efficiency.