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<p>The presence of microbial contaminants, including opportunistic pathogens, in drinking water poses a critical global health risk. This study first evaluated microbial contamination in local drinking water, identifying several species, including <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>Pseudomonas oryzihabitans</i>, and <i>Serratia liquefaciens</i>. The prevalence of strong, biofilm-forming strains suggests that the current disinfection regimes are inadequate. To address this, we developed a filtration nanocomposite membrane by integrating silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and activated carbon (AC) within a Bacterial Cellulose (BC) scaffold. The AC was green-synthesized from pomegranate peel (PP) via calcination. The resulting AC revealed highly irregular, porous particles (about 5.20&#xa0;μm in diameter), as confirmed by SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, and BET analyses. The Ag-NPs were successfully in situ synthesized within the developed membranes, appearing spherical with an average size of 16.6–18.3&#xa0;nm. BET measurements indicated that the surface area was affected upon the incorporation of AC and Ag-NPs. Native BC and BC/AC exhibited no antimicrobial activity. However, the BC/Ag-NPs composite demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum efficacy, confirming Ag-NPs as the primary antimicrobial agent. Crucially, the BC/AC/Ag-NPs composite exhibited superior filtration performance. When tested against heavily loaded solutions of the isolated pathogens, the BC/AC/Ag-NPs membrane achieved over 99% reduction in bacterial counts for both <i>P. oryzihabitans</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i>, with final effluent counts (210–240 CFU/mL). This improved activity is attributed to the synergistic action of BC physical sieving, AC enhanced physical adsorption, and Ag-NPs’ potent bactericidal properties. The current study positions the novel BC/AC/Ag-NPs composite as a promising and practical filter material for improving drinking water safety.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposite doped with activated carbon and silver nanoparticles as filter membrane for antimicrobial activity and water purification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Hamada El-Gendi,
  • Hussain Alenezi,
  • Jehan S. Albrahim,
  • Feng F. Hong,
  • Ahmed K. Saleh

摘要

The presence of microbial contaminants, including opportunistic pathogens, in drinking water poses a critical global health risk. This study first evaluated microbial contamination in local drinking water, identifying several species, including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, and Serratia liquefaciens. The prevalence of strong, biofilm-forming strains suggests that the current disinfection regimes are inadequate. To address this, we developed a filtration nanocomposite membrane by integrating silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and activated carbon (AC) within a Bacterial Cellulose (BC) scaffold. The AC was green-synthesized from pomegranate peel (PP) via calcination. The resulting AC revealed highly irregular, porous particles (about 5.20 μm in diameter), as confirmed by SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, and BET analyses. The Ag-NPs were successfully in situ synthesized within the developed membranes, appearing spherical with an average size of 16.6–18.3 nm. BET measurements indicated that the surface area was affected upon the incorporation of AC and Ag-NPs. Native BC and BC/AC exhibited no antimicrobial activity. However, the BC/Ag-NPs composite demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum efficacy, confirming Ag-NPs as the primary antimicrobial agent. Crucially, the BC/AC/Ag-NPs composite exhibited superior filtration performance. When tested against heavily loaded solutions of the isolated pathogens, the BC/AC/Ag-NPs membrane achieved over 99% reduction in bacterial counts for both P. oryzihabitans and B. subtilis, with final effluent counts (210–240 CFU/mL). This improved activity is attributed to the synergistic action of BC physical sieving, AC enhanced physical adsorption, and Ag-NPs’ potent bactericidal properties. The current study positions the novel BC/AC/Ag-NPs composite as a promising and practical filter material for improving drinking water safety.

Graphical abstract