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<p>Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels (P(NIPAAM)) are prepared via free radical polymerisation in distilled water under ambient conditions using an eco-friendly and energy-efficient method. To achieve this, three initiation systems are employed: hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C (H₂O₂/VC); hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C/peroxidase extracted from potato peel (H₂O₂/VC/PP); and hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C/peroxidase extracted from soyabean coats (H₂O₂/VC/SP). PP and SP are isolated from waste materials, and SP shows higher enzymatic activity than PP. The peroxidases are employed to reduce the required amount of H₂O₂. Compared to the H₂O₂/VC system, the amount of H₂O₂ is reduced 2.5 times when PP is employed, and 5 times when SP is employed. Reaction time is decreased from 10&#xa0;h with H₂O₂/VC to 7&#xa0;h with H₂O₂/VC/PP and 5&#xa0;h with H₂O₂/VC/SP. The composition of the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels is confirmed by FTIR analysis, and SEM analysis reveals regular porous structure of the hydrogels. The value of P(NIPAAM) low critical solution temperature is determined by DSC analysis, showing that the type of initiation system had slight effect on its value. The effect of change in peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide amount on swelling and compressive strength of the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels is analysed. Two active substances, clindamycin and gentamicin are further encapsulated in the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels and it is demonstrated that hydrogels exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Presented approach that uses initiators based on vitamins and enzymes isolated from waste materials, can not only contribute to waste management but also enables the eco-friendly preparation of P(NIPAAM) hydrogels for antibacterial application.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Thermoresponsive P(NIPAAM) hydrogels prepared using initiation systems based on vitamin C and enzymes isolated from waste materials for potential antibacterial applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Maja D. Markovic,
  • Vukasin Dj. Ugrinovic,
  • Vera Guduric,
  • Pavle M. Spasojevic,
  • Milica M. Svetozarevic Arsovic

摘要

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels (P(NIPAAM)) are prepared via free radical polymerisation in distilled water under ambient conditions using an eco-friendly and energy-efficient method. To achieve this, three initiation systems are employed: hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C (H₂O₂/VC); hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C/peroxidase extracted from potato peel (H₂O₂/VC/PP); and hydrogen peroxide/vitamin C/peroxidase extracted from soyabean coats (H₂O₂/VC/SP). PP and SP are isolated from waste materials, and SP shows higher enzymatic activity than PP. The peroxidases are employed to reduce the required amount of H₂O₂. Compared to the H₂O₂/VC system, the amount of H₂O₂ is reduced 2.5 times when PP is employed, and 5 times when SP is employed. Reaction time is decreased from 10 h with H₂O₂/VC to 7 h with H₂O₂/VC/PP and 5 h with H₂O₂/VC/SP. The composition of the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels is confirmed by FTIR analysis, and SEM analysis reveals regular porous structure of the hydrogels. The value of P(NIPAAM) low critical solution temperature is determined by DSC analysis, showing that the type of initiation system had slight effect on its value. The effect of change in peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide amount on swelling and compressive strength of the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels is analysed. Two active substances, clindamycin and gentamicin are further encapsulated in the P(NIPAAM) hydrogels and it is demonstrated that hydrogels exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Presented approach that uses initiators based on vitamins and enzymes isolated from waste materials, can not only contribute to waste management but also enables the eco-friendly preparation of P(NIPAAM) hydrogels for antibacterial application.

Graphical abstract