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<p>This study investigates the fatigue, creep, dynamic mechanical, and flammability behaviour of sustainable epoxy composites reinforced with beetroot stem fibre (BSF) and rice husk derived biocarbon (RHSBC). Five composite systems were fabricated using stir casting: A (neat epoxy), B (40% BSF), C (40% BSF + 1% RHSBC), D (40% BSF + 3% RHSBC), and E (40% BSF + 5% RHSBC). Fatigue performance evaluated through S–N curves revealed significant improvement with fibre and filler addition. Composite D exhibited the best fatigue strength with a stress amplitude of 74&#xa0;MPa at 10⁵ cycles, representing about 95% improvement compared with neat epoxy (38&#xa0;MPa). Creep tests conducted at 60&#xa0;°C for 15,000&#xa0;s showed that composite D had the lowest creep strain (0.0039), approximately 30% lower than composite A (0.0056). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis indicated that composite D displayed the highest storage modulus (~ 3900&#xa0;MPa) in the glassy region, representing nearly 39% improvement compared with neat epoxy. Loss factor (tan δ) analysis showed a reduction in damping peak and a shift of glass transition temperature (Tg) from about 120&#xa0;°C for neat epoxy to approximately 133&#xa0;°C for composite D, indicating improved thermal stability and interfacial bonding. Flammability tests demonstrated that all composites achieved UL-94&#xa0;V-0 rating without dripping or cotton ignition. The flame propagation rate decreased from 11.54&#xa0;mm/min for composite A to 5.36&#xa0;mm/min for composite E. Overall, the hybrid reinforcement of beetroot stem fibre and rice husk biocarbon significantly enhanced fatigue resistance, creep stability, viscoelastic behaviour, and flame retardancy of epoxy composites.</p>

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Fatigue, creep, DMA and flammability behaviour of beet root stem fibre and rice husk biocarbon epoxy composite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • K. Venkatesh Raja,
  • K. Pratheesh,
  • Naveen Kilari,
  • S. Kaliappan

摘要

This study investigates the fatigue, creep, dynamic mechanical, and flammability behaviour of sustainable epoxy composites reinforced with beetroot stem fibre (BSF) and rice husk derived biocarbon (RHSBC). Five composite systems were fabricated using stir casting: A (neat epoxy), B (40% BSF), C (40% BSF + 1% RHSBC), D (40% BSF + 3% RHSBC), and E (40% BSF + 5% RHSBC). Fatigue performance evaluated through S–N curves revealed significant improvement with fibre and filler addition. Composite D exhibited the best fatigue strength with a stress amplitude of 74 MPa at 10⁵ cycles, representing about 95% improvement compared with neat epoxy (38 MPa). Creep tests conducted at 60 °C for 15,000 s showed that composite D had the lowest creep strain (0.0039), approximately 30% lower than composite A (0.0056). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis indicated that composite D displayed the highest storage modulus (~ 3900 MPa) in the glassy region, representing nearly 39% improvement compared with neat epoxy. Loss factor (tan δ) analysis showed a reduction in damping peak and a shift of glass transition temperature (Tg) from about 120 °C for neat epoxy to approximately 133 °C for composite D, indicating improved thermal stability and interfacial bonding. Flammability tests demonstrated that all composites achieved UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping or cotton ignition. The flame propagation rate decreased from 11.54 mm/min for composite A to 5.36 mm/min for composite E. Overall, the hybrid reinforcement of beetroot stem fibre and rice husk biocarbon significantly enhanced fatigue resistance, creep stability, viscoelastic behaviour, and flame retardancy of epoxy composites.