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<p>This study investigates the effect of natural honey concentration on the structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties of methyl cellulose (MC)-based solid polymer electrolyte films doped with NH<sub>4</sub>SCN and plasticized with sorbitol. Sorbitol was selected as co-plasticizer due to its ability to enhance polymer flexibility and reduce crystallinity, while natural honey was introduced (at different concentrations (0 to 40 wt%)) as an eco-friendly additive rich in hydroxyl groups that can promote ion dissociation and improve ionic mobility. Films were prepared via solution casting ratio. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a significant decrease in bulk resistance (<i>R</i><sub>b</sub>) and a corresponding increase in DC conductivity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\sigma}_{DC}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), reaching 6.87 × 10<sup>− 7</sup> S·cm<sup>− 1</sup> for 40% of honey. Dielectric analysis showed enhanced permittivity and loss tangent (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text{tan}{\varnothing}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), with relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies, indicating faster ion dynamics. Electrical modulus and Argand plot analyses confirmed reduced relaxation times and suppressed electrode polarization, consistent with improved bulk transport. XRD deconvolution demonstrated a progressive decline in crystallinity from 39.73% to 17.3%, supporting the transition toward a more amorphous, ion-conductive matrix. FTIR spectroscopy revealed spectral shifts and intensity changes in O–H, C–H, and SCN⁻ bands, confirming enhanced hydrogen bonding and salt dissociation. Deconvolution of the SCN⁻ band quantified free ion percentages, which increased from 25.02% to 47.67%, enabling calculation of ion transport parameters. Notably, ionic mobility increased ~ 46-times, indicating that mobility plays a dominant role in conductivity enhancement. These findings establish honey as a green, effective plasticizer that simultaneously improves electrochemical performance in biopolymer electrolytes.</p>

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Influence of natural honey as a bio plasticizer on the ion conductivity and physicochemical behavior of methyl cellulose –sorbitol–NH₄SCN polymer electrolyte system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Safar Saeed Mohammed,
  • Ahmed Hassan Ahmed,
  • Asyar Ahmed Mohammad Amin,
  • Shujahadeen Bakr Aziz,
  • Peyman Aspoukeh,
  • Hossein Khojasteh

摘要

This study investigates the effect of natural honey concentration on the structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties of methyl cellulose (MC)-based solid polymer electrolyte films doped with NH4SCN and plasticized with sorbitol. Sorbitol was selected as co-plasticizer due to its ability to enhance polymer flexibility and reduce crystallinity, while natural honey was introduced (at different concentrations (0 to 40 wt%)) as an eco-friendly additive rich in hydroxyl groups that can promote ion dissociation and improve ionic mobility. Films were prepared via solution casting ratio. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a significant decrease in bulk resistance (Rb) and a corresponding increase in DC conductivity ( \({\sigma}_{DC}\) ), reaching 6.87 × 10− 7 S·cm− 1 for 40% of honey. Dielectric analysis showed enhanced permittivity and loss tangent ( \(\text{tan}{\varnothing}\) ), with relaxation peaks shifting to higher frequencies, indicating faster ion dynamics. Electrical modulus and Argand plot analyses confirmed reduced relaxation times and suppressed electrode polarization, consistent with improved bulk transport. XRD deconvolution demonstrated a progressive decline in crystallinity from 39.73% to 17.3%, supporting the transition toward a more amorphous, ion-conductive matrix. FTIR spectroscopy revealed spectral shifts and intensity changes in O–H, C–H, and SCN⁻ bands, confirming enhanced hydrogen bonding and salt dissociation. Deconvolution of the SCN⁻ band quantified free ion percentages, which increased from 25.02% to 47.67%, enabling calculation of ion transport parameters. Notably, ionic mobility increased ~ 46-times, indicating that mobility plays a dominant role in conductivity enhancement. These findings establish honey as a green, effective plasticizer that simultaneously improves electrochemical performance in biopolymer electrolytes.