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<p>Population growth and industrialization enhance environmental contamination. Water contamination is due to the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and textile effluents. So, this raises the need for purification of contaminated water. Biomass-derived hydrochar (HC) has become a viable option because of its low cost, eco-friendliness, and versatile surface chemistry. It is highly effective for waste conversion as well as for waste water treatment. HC is fabricated using Co-HTC &amp; Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) processes where biomass wastes is transformed into carbon rich materials. Pristine HC alone has several limitations, to overcome those its further modifications with polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid derivatives, and carrageenan (CAR) have been successfully investigated. These polymers modified HC have high efficacy for heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, as well as synthetic dyes including methylene blue, congo red, and malachite green. These are also potent for pharmaceutical contaminants such as vancomycin, bisphenol A, and acetaminophen. HC and its modified polymer form demonstrate the adsorption capacities in range of 532.35&#xa0;mg/g for Cr(Ⅵ), 2717.50&#xa0;mg/g for malachite green, 2182&#xa0;mg/g for vancomycin, and 185.53&#xa0;mg/g for bisphenol A. Further investigation reveals the recyclability as well as selectivity of these modified materials, thus making them suitable option for waste water detoxification. This review elucidates detailed discussion about HC and its synthesis routes utilizing various biomass sources as well as its polymer-based surface functionalization strategies, and their supplication for contaminant removal. In the end, research gaps and future outlook are highlighted which focus on regeneration, scalability, and the engineering of multifunctional adsorbents.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Polymer modified hydrochar for environmental remediation: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Soni Patyal,
  • Yaksha Verma,
  • Pooja Dhiman,
  • Tongtong Wang,
  • Shaojuan Lu,
  • Sen Wang,
  • Gaurav Sharma

摘要

Population growth and industrialization enhance environmental contamination. Water contamination is due to the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and textile effluents. So, this raises the need for purification of contaminated water. Biomass-derived hydrochar (HC) has become a viable option because of its low cost, eco-friendliness, and versatile surface chemistry. It is highly effective for waste conversion as well as for waste water treatment. HC is fabricated using Co-HTC & Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) processes where biomass wastes is transformed into carbon rich materials. Pristine HC alone has several limitations, to overcome those its further modifications with polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), acrylic acid derivatives, and carrageenan (CAR) have been successfully investigated. These polymers modified HC have high efficacy for heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, as well as synthetic dyes including methylene blue, congo red, and malachite green. These are also potent for pharmaceutical contaminants such as vancomycin, bisphenol A, and acetaminophen. HC and its modified polymer form demonstrate the adsorption capacities in range of 532.35 mg/g for Cr(Ⅵ), 2717.50 mg/g for malachite green, 2182 mg/g for vancomycin, and 185.53 mg/g for bisphenol A. Further investigation reveals the recyclability as well as selectivity of these modified materials, thus making them suitable option for waste water detoxification. This review elucidates detailed discussion about HC and its synthesis routes utilizing various biomass sources as well as its polymer-based surface functionalization strategies, and their supplication for contaminant removal. In the end, research gaps and future outlook are highlighted which focus on regeneration, scalability, and the engineering of multifunctional adsorbents.

Graphical abstract