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<p>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was chemically modified with oleic acid (OA) via sulfuric acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification and subsequently incorporated with vanillin (VAN) to develop multifunctional polymeric films with enhanced performance. Three film variants, unmodified PVA, oleic acid-modified PVA (OA-PVA), and vanillin-incorporated OA-PVA (OA-PVA/VAN), were synthesized and systematically characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and TGA to evaluate their structural, optical, thermal, and morphological characteristics. Oleic acid modification significantly reduced film moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, and solubility, indicating improved barrier performance. The incorporation of vanillin further enhanced the antioxidant activity, with OA-PVA/VAN films exhibiting a maximum radical scavenging efficiency of 92.56% at a concentration of 100&#xa0;mg. Mechanical analysis revealed that OA-PVA films displayed the highest elongation at break (81%) and a Young’s modulus of 217&#xa0;MPa, reflecting enhanced flexibility, whereas OA-PVA/VAN film exhibited a higher Young’s modulus of 572.08&#xa0;MPa with an elongation at break of 26%, demonstrating a favorable balance between strength and flexibility. Antibacterial evaluation against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> showed no inhibition for pristine PVA, while OA-PVA exhibited inhibition zones of 35.8 and 30.9&#xa0;mm, respectively. OA-PVA/VAN films demonstrated superior antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones of 37.7&#xa0;mm against <i>E. coli</i> and 40.1&#xa0;mm against <i>S. aureus</i>. Biodegradability studies revealed the highest weight loss for PVA, with progressively reduced degradation for OA-PVA and OA-PVA/VAN films, due to increased hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of Fischer esterification and vanillin incorporation in producing active PVA-based films suitable for functional materials applications.</p>

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Fischer esterification mediated oleic acid modification and vanillin functionalization of polyvinyl alcohol films with tailored mechanical, antibacterial, and antioxidant performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Teena Saini,
  • Jagram Meena

摘要

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was chemically modified with oleic acid (OA) via sulfuric acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification and subsequently incorporated with vanillin (VAN) to develop multifunctional polymeric films with enhanced performance. Three film variants, unmodified PVA, oleic acid-modified PVA (OA-PVA), and vanillin-incorporated OA-PVA (OA-PVA/VAN), were synthesized and systematically characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and TGA to evaluate their structural, optical, thermal, and morphological characteristics. Oleic acid modification significantly reduced film moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, and solubility, indicating improved barrier performance. The incorporation of vanillin further enhanced the antioxidant activity, with OA-PVA/VAN films exhibiting a maximum radical scavenging efficiency of 92.56% at a concentration of 100 mg. Mechanical analysis revealed that OA-PVA films displayed the highest elongation at break (81%) and a Young’s modulus of 217 MPa, reflecting enhanced flexibility, whereas OA-PVA/VAN film exhibited a higher Young’s modulus of 572.08 MPa with an elongation at break of 26%, demonstrating a favorable balance between strength and flexibility. Antibacterial evaluation against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed no inhibition for pristine PVA, while OA-PVA exhibited inhibition zones of 35.8 and 30.9 mm, respectively. OA-PVA/VAN films demonstrated superior antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones of 37.7 mm against E. coli and 40.1 mm against S. aureus. Biodegradability studies revealed the highest weight loss for PVA, with progressively reduced degradation for OA-PVA and OA-PVA/VAN films, due to increased hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of Fischer esterification and vanillin incorporation in producing active PVA-based films suitable for functional materials applications.