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<p>Skin burns are a rapidly growing health problem that require advance treatments for wound healing as fibroblast cell death occur during the burn. 3D direct ink write (DIW) printing is a versatile technology to treat severe skin burns. Herein, we synthesized linalool (LL) loaded 3D printed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gellan gum (GG) hydrogel for wound healing applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel revealed the interconnected porous structure and suitable layer fidelity owing to the favorable rheological behavior. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the cross-linking between the PVA and GG, and the successful loading of LL. The 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel exhibited favorable swelling ability with the swelling % of 253%. The 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogels showed appropriate stiffness i.e. the ultimate tensile strength of 3.46&#xa0;MPa and % elongation of 87%, as confirmed by micro-tensile test. The 3D biodegradable behavior of hydrogel led to the suitable cumulative LL release (67% on day 7) which was responsible for the antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. The 3D printed hydrogels proved as a cyto-compatible composite with the cell viability of 95% after 7 days of incubation with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa), as confirmed by water soluble tetrazolium (WST-8) assay. The increase in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from 3D printed hydrogels suggested the blood vessel forming ability of the hydrogels. Hence, 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel is a promising alternative for treating severe skin burns.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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3D printed scaffolds of linalool loaded polyvinyl alcohol/gellan gum enhance biological, physical, and mechanical properties: an in-vitro study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Fahad Rashid,
  • Quratulain Faheem,
  • Syed Muneeb Haider Gillani,
  • Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz,
  • Akbar Niaz,
  • Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman

摘要

Skin burns are a rapidly growing health problem that require advance treatments for wound healing as fibroblast cell death occur during the burn. 3D direct ink write (DIW) printing is a versatile technology to treat severe skin burns. Herein, we synthesized linalool (LL) loaded 3D printed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gellan gum (GG) hydrogel for wound healing applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel revealed the interconnected porous structure and suitable layer fidelity owing to the favorable rheological behavior. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the cross-linking between the PVA and GG, and the successful loading of LL. The 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel exhibited favorable swelling ability with the swelling % of 253%. The 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogels showed appropriate stiffness i.e. the ultimate tensile strength of 3.46 MPa and % elongation of 87%, as confirmed by micro-tensile test. The 3D biodegradable behavior of hydrogel led to the suitable cumulative LL release (67% on day 7) which was responsible for the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The 3D printed hydrogels proved as a cyto-compatible composite with the cell viability of 95% after 7 days of incubation with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa), as confirmed by water soluble tetrazolium (WST-8) assay. The increase in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from 3D printed hydrogels suggested the blood vessel forming ability of the hydrogels. Hence, 3D printed PVA/GG/LL hydrogel is a promising alternative for treating severe skin burns.

Graphical abstract