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<p>Human lifestyle is getting changed in recent decades by concentrating more on sustainable growth. Consequently, the need for using eco-friendly material in day to day life are getting increased. The present study has focused on the development of composite film for antimicrobial packaging application using biodegradable clove oil, modified cellulose particle and ginger stalk microfiber incorporated within PVA matrix. The main novelty of this study is to develop a composite film using natural waste biomass and conducting in-vitro swelling and degradation as well as antimicrobial test for providing better sustainable packaging material. Further, this research extracts microfibers from ginger stalk and cellulose from pumpkin seed husk and the films were fabricated using solvent casting method. Further, the plain resin P with 100 vol% PVA achieved 25&#xa0;MPa in tensile, 4.5&#xa0;N/mm in tear, producing inhibition zone of 0.2&#xa0;mm (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), 0.6&#xa0;mm (<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>) and 0.8&#xa0;mm (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) with swelling behaviour from 2.45% in 1st week to 3.18% in 5th week. In addition, this specimen attained 1.81% in 1st week to 2.72% in 5th week.Notably, the results showed that the composite film PM2 (3 vol% cellulose, 10 vol% clove oil, and 30 vol% microfiber) exhibited superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 48&#xa0;MPa and a tear strength of 12.7&#xa0;N/mm. This enhancement is attributed to the surface treatments and synergistic interactions between the bio-oil and cellulose, which improved interfacial adhesion, as evidenced by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. In antimicrobial tests, PM3 (5 vol% cellulose) emerged as the most effective, producing inhibition zones of 16.5&#xa0;mm (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), 18.2&#xa0;mm (<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>), and 17.4&#xa0;mm (<i>Staphylococcusaureus</i>). When immersed in simulated body fluid for five weeks, PM3 also showed remarkable moisture stability, with the lowest swelling (1.92% in week 1 to 2.45% by week 5) and minimal degradation (1.04% → 1.74%), illustrating its structural resilience. Collectively, these results position PM3 as a mechanically robust, antimicrobial, and moisture-resistant biocomposite, ideal for demanding biomedical and packaging applications.</p>

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Development of a PVA-based biocomposite film reinforced with ginger-stalk microfibers and pumpkin-seed-husk cellulose, toughened with clove oil for antimicrobial packaging applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • R. Chandramohan,
  • Seeniappan Kaliappan,
  • M. Ramya,
  • M. Muthukannan

摘要

Human lifestyle is getting changed in recent decades by concentrating more on sustainable growth. Consequently, the need for using eco-friendly material in day to day life are getting increased. The present study has focused on the development of composite film for antimicrobial packaging application using biodegradable clove oil, modified cellulose particle and ginger stalk microfiber incorporated within PVA matrix. The main novelty of this study is to develop a composite film using natural waste biomass and conducting in-vitro swelling and degradation as well as antimicrobial test for providing better sustainable packaging material. Further, this research extracts microfibers from ginger stalk and cellulose from pumpkin seed husk and the films were fabricated using solvent casting method. Further, the plain resin P with 100 vol% PVA achieved 25 MPa in tensile, 4.5 N/mm in tear, producing inhibition zone of 0.2 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 0.6 mm (Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 0.8 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) with swelling behaviour from 2.45% in 1st week to 3.18% in 5th week. In addition, this specimen attained 1.81% in 1st week to 2.72% in 5th week.Notably, the results showed that the composite film PM2 (3 vol% cellulose, 10 vol% clove oil, and 30 vol% microfiber) exhibited superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 48 MPa and a tear strength of 12.7 N/mm. This enhancement is attributed to the surface treatments and synergistic interactions between the bio-oil and cellulose, which improved interfacial adhesion, as evidenced by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. In antimicrobial tests, PM3 (5 vol% cellulose) emerged as the most effective, producing inhibition zones of 16.5 mm (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 18.2 mm (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and 17.4 mm (Staphylococcusaureus). When immersed in simulated body fluid for five weeks, PM3 also showed remarkable moisture stability, with the lowest swelling (1.92% in week 1 to 2.45% by week 5) and minimal degradation (1.04% → 1.74%), illustrating its structural resilience. Collectively, these results position PM3 as a mechanically robust, antimicrobial, and moisture-resistant biocomposite, ideal for demanding biomedical and packaging applications.