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<p>Polysaccharide derivatives, either in soluble or cross-linked form, are receiving growing attention for applications in the wastewater purification field, as they may satisfy some requirements of this activity domain in terms of environmental friendliness and costs. In this respect, this study was focused on determining the feasibility of pullulan microspheres (<i>ms</i>) functionalized with primary and tertiary amine groups as flocculants for removing two fungicide formulations (Melody Compact 49 WG (MC) and Cabrio<sup>®</sup> Top (CT)) from simulated wastewater. The cationic <i>ms</i> were prepared by suspension cross-linking of pullulan and a subsequent coupling reaction of the amine to the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. The physicochemical characterization of the <i>ms</i> was performed using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and the degree of cationization was determined by the titration method. The effects of <i>ms</i> dose, degree of cross-linking and cationization, amine basicity, contact time, and fungicide dispersion characteristics—including initial pH, concentration, and salinity—on <i>ms</i> separation performance were evaluated. The results showed good removal efficiency (RE%) for both <i>ms</i> types with the two fungicide formulations in aqueous dispersions (RE% of 96% for MC and 83–89% for CT). Microspheres with higher basicity demonstrated greater efficacy in removing fungicides than those with lower basicity, achieving three times lower doses of <i>ms</i> and reducing removal time from 24 to 48&#xa0;h to 6–8&#xa0;h. Additionally, different flocculation mechanisms were identified. RE% values decreased slightly (up to 4–6%) for salted fungicide suspensions, and the best removal percentages were observed in water at a pH of 6.5. The data shown above highlight the good efficacy of cationized <i>ms</i> pullulan for removing complex fungicide formulations from suspensions with different characteristics, which recommend them for application in real wastewater, where fluctuations in environmental parameters (pH, salts, contaminant concentration) may occur.</p>

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Aminated pullulan microspheres as an effective assembly for fungicide removal from wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Maria Magdalena Nafureanu,
  • Irina Popescu,
  • Luminita Ghimici,
  • Gheorghe Fundueanu,
  • Marieta Constantin

摘要

Polysaccharide derivatives, either in soluble or cross-linked form, are receiving growing attention for applications in the wastewater purification field, as they may satisfy some requirements of this activity domain in terms of environmental friendliness and costs. In this respect, this study was focused on determining the feasibility of pullulan microspheres (ms) functionalized with primary and tertiary amine groups as flocculants for removing two fungicide formulations (Melody Compact 49 WG (MC) and Cabrio® Top (CT)) from simulated wastewater. The cationic ms were prepared by suspension cross-linking of pullulan and a subsequent coupling reaction of the amine to the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide. The physicochemical characterization of the ms was performed using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and the degree of cationization was determined by the titration method. The effects of ms dose, degree of cross-linking and cationization, amine basicity, contact time, and fungicide dispersion characteristics—including initial pH, concentration, and salinity—on ms separation performance were evaluated. The results showed good removal efficiency (RE%) for both ms types with the two fungicide formulations in aqueous dispersions (RE% of 96% for MC and 83–89% for CT). Microspheres with higher basicity demonstrated greater efficacy in removing fungicides than those with lower basicity, achieving three times lower doses of ms and reducing removal time from 24 to 48 h to 6–8 h. Additionally, different flocculation mechanisms were identified. RE% values decreased slightly (up to 4–6%) for salted fungicide suspensions, and the best removal percentages were observed in water at a pH of 6.5. The data shown above highlight the good efficacy of cationized ms pullulan for removing complex fungicide formulations from suspensions with different characteristics, which recommend them for application in real wastewater, where fluctuations in environmental parameters (pH, salts, contaminant concentration) may occur.