<p>The increasing demand for sustainable materials has driven extensive research into renewable, sustainable, and biobased resins as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based resins. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis, properties, and applications of resins derived from renewable sources such as lignin, cardanol, eugenol, vanillin, and vegetable oils. This review critically consolidates recent advances in chemo-enzymatic epoxidation, process intensification strategies and green catalytic systems, where reported studies frequently achieve &gt; 85–95% epoxidation conversion under milder reaction conditions and substantially reduced auxiliary chemical demand relative to conventional petrochemical routes. Furthermore, this review systematically links these technological developments with quantifiable sustainability assessment frameworks, including life cycle assessment (LCA), biogenic carbon accounting, carbon footprint. This work also identifies key research gaps, performance–sustainability trade-offs, and industrial translation barriers. The review therefore provides an evidence-grounded synthesis of current methodologies and outlines critical directions needed to advance scalable, low-carbon, renewable resin systems for polymer and coating applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Review on enzymatic and process-intensified routes to sustainable resins and its life cycle assessment perspective

  • Manas Dehariya,
  • Chinmay Patade,
  • Chandrakant R. Holkar

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable materials has driven extensive research into renewable, sustainable, and biobased resins as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based resins. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis, properties, and applications of resins derived from renewable sources such as lignin, cardanol, eugenol, vanillin, and vegetable oils. This review critically consolidates recent advances in chemo-enzymatic epoxidation, process intensification strategies and green catalytic systems, where reported studies frequently achieve > 85–95% epoxidation conversion under milder reaction conditions and substantially reduced auxiliary chemical demand relative to conventional petrochemical routes. Furthermore, this review systematically links these technological developments with quantifiable sustainability assessment frameworks, including life cycle assessment (LCA), biogenic carbon accounting, carbon footprint. This work also identifies key research gaps, performance–sustainability trade-offs, and industrial translation barriers. The review therefore provides an evidence-grounded synthesis of current methodologies and outlines critical directions needed to advance scalable, low-carbon, renewable resin systems for polymer and coating applications.

Graphical abstract