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<p>This study includes the development of a biodegradable chitosan–TiO<sub>2</sub> hydrogel nanocomposite that uniquely combines both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation capabilities within a single, cost-effective material. The synthesized hydrogel nanocomposite is a cost-effective material which has both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation potential. CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites were synthesized by embedding TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles into the CxNEH hydrogel (prepared via free-radical polymerization) in a 1:10 ratio using a sonication-assisted method. The synthesized nanocomposite has been used for the removal of Congo Red dye from wastewater. A comprehensive characterization of the CxNEH hydrogel and CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs was conducted using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) – Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis techniques. The specific surface area of NC is found as 57.14 m<sup>2</sup>/g via BET analysis. It exhibits a hysteresis loop, a defining characteristic of type IV isotherms. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were comprehensively evaluated to gain deeper insights into the adsorption process. The adsorption process adhered to a pseudo second order kinetic model, suggesting that a chemisorption mechanism was in play. Experimental data aligned with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model, with a peak adsorption potential of 546.11&#xa0;mg/g. CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs was utilized in photocatalytic CR dye degradation at different temperatures and pH levels. The maximum percentage degradation was found to be 95.44% at 65&#xa0;°C. Further, biodegradability of CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs was investigated utilizing vermicompost. Further, the reusability of CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs was as assessed, and it shows 91.11% degradation efficiency after fifth cycle. These findings highlight the promising capability of CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs as an effective material for removing CR dye. CxNEH@TiO<sub>2</sub> NCs demonstrates remarkably high adsorption capacity along with superior photocatalytic efficiency compared to conventional TiO<sub>2</sub>-based systems. Additionally, its proven biodegradability and excellent reusability highlight its potential as a sustainable and practical candidate for real-world wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Design of a biodegradable Chitosan–TiO2 hydrogel nanocomposite for enhanced congo red dye remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月17日

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  • Aradhana Chaudhary,
  • Poorn Prakash Pande,
  • Krishna Kumar,
  • Shivnath Shukla,
  • Kopal Kashaudhan,
  • Naveen Patel,
  • Arbind Chaurasiya

摘要

This study includes the development of a biodegradable chitosan–TiO2 hydrogel nanocomposite that uniquely combines both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation capabilities within a single, cost-effective material. The synthesized hydrogel nanocomposite is a cost-effective material which has both adsorption and photocatalytic degradation potential. CxNEH@TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by embedding TiO2 nanoparticles into the CxNEH hydrogel (prepared via free-radical polymerization) in a 1:10 ratio using a sonication-assisted method. The synthesized nanocomposite has been used for the removal of Congo Red dye from wastewater. A comprehensive characterization of the CxNEH hydrogel and CxNEH@TiO2 NCs was conducted using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) – Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis techniques. The specific surface area of NC is found as 57.14 m2/g via BET analysis. It exhibits a hysteresis loop, a defining characteristic of type IV isotherms. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were comprehensively evaluated to gain deeper insights into the adsorption process. The adsorption process adhered to a pseudo second order kinetic model, suggesting that a chemisorption mechanism was in play. Experimental data aligned with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model, with a peak adsorption potential of 546.11 mg/g. CxNEH@TiO2 NCs was utilized in photocatalytic CR dye degradation at different temperatures and pH levels. The maximum percentage degradation was found to be 95.44% at 65 °C. Further, biodegradability of CxNEH@TiO2 NCs was investigated utilizing vermicompost. Further, the reusability of CxNEH@TiO2 NCs was as assessed, and it shows 91.11% degradation efficiency after fifth cycle. These findings highlight the promising capability of CxNEH@TiO2 NCs as an effective material for removing CR dye. CxNEH@TiO2 NCs demonstrates remarkably high adsorption capacity along with superior photocatalytic efficiency compared to conventional TiO2-based systems. Additionally, its proven biodegradability and excellent reusability highlight its potential as a sustainable and practical candidate for real-world wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical abstract