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<p>A starch–polyaniline (Starch–PANI, SP) composite was synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as an oxidant under acidic conditions (1&#xa0;M HCl, 0–5&#xa0;°C). The synthesis and characterization were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. FTIR spectra confirmed the successful integration of PANI with starch through the appearance of new absorption bands at 1047&#xa0;cm<sup>-1</sup> (C–N stretching), 1301&#xa0;cm<sup>-1</sup> (C–N⁺ polaron), and a broad band near 3400&#xa0;cm⁻¹ (O–H/N–H stretching), indicating strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the two components. XRD analysis shows that the CrI values for starch (32.4%), PANI (18.7%), and the SP composite (24.1%) demonstrate a decrease in starch crystallinity after forming the composite. This confirms that the starch crystalline regions are partially disrupted due to interactions with the other components PANI. The average particle size of the SP composite was 1490.8 <b>±</b> 31.6&#xa0;nm (PDI = 0.005 ± 0.001), confirming uniform dispersion. Adsorption experiments performed in triplicate demonstrated efficient removal of Methyl Blue (MB), achieving 99.2 ± 0.8% removal within 25 ± 2 min, with a Langmuir maximum capacity (qₘ) of 5.41 ± 0.18 mg g<sup>-1</sup> (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9678). Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo-second-order model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9993), indicating chemisorption dominance. The composite also exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC<sub>50</sub> = 172.76 ± 3.25&#xa0;µg mL<sup>-1</sup>, and improved electrochemical response due to enhanced redox reversibility. Limitations include moderate adsorption capacity and gradual efficiency loss after repeated cycles. Future studies will focus on material regeneration, structural optimization, and real wastewater application. These findings establish the SP composite as a reproducible, multifunctional, and sustainable polymeric platform suitable for wastewater treatment and electrochemical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Starch–polyaniline composite as a sustainable adsorbent for wastewater treatment: insights into electrochemical performance and electrically driven sludge utilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Dhruba Jyoti Sonowal,
  • Rupkamal Chetia,
  • Kalyani Pathak,
  • Nishant Shukla,
  • Subham Protim Gogoi,
  • Aziza Rahman,
  • Aparoop Das,
  • Ankur Gogoi,
  • Ratan Boruah,
  • Anupaul Baruah,
  • Jiban Saikia,
  • Surajit Konwer

摘要

A starch–polyaniline (Starch–PANI, SP) composite was synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as an oxidant under acidic conditions (1 M HCl, 0–5 °C). The synthesis and characterization were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. FTIR spectra confirmed the successful integration of PANI with starch through the appearance of new absorption bands at 1047 cm-1 (C–N stretching), 1301 cm-1 (C–N⁺ polaron), and a broad band near 3400 cm⁻¹ (O–H/N–H stretching), indicating strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the two components. XRD analysis shows that the CrI values for starch (32.4%), PANI (18.7%), and the SP composite (24.1%) demonstrate a decrease in starch crystallinity after forming the composite. This confirms that the starch crystalline regions are partially disrupted due to interactions with the other components PANI. The average particle size of the SP composite was 1490.8 ± 31.6 nm (PDI = 0.005 ± 0.001), confirming uniform dispersion. Adsorption experiments performed in triplicate demonstrated efficient removal of Methyl Blue (MB), achieving 99.2 ± 0.8% removal within 25 ± 2 min, with a Langmuir maximum capacity (qₘ) of 5.41 ± 0.18 mg g-1 (R2 = 0.9678). Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9993), indicating chemisorption dominance. The composite also exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 = 172.76 ± 3.25 µg mL-1, and improved electrochemical response due to enhanced redox reversibility. Limitations include moderate adsorption capacity and gradual efficiency loss after repeated cycles. Future studies will focus on material regeneration, structural optimization, and real wastewater application. These findings establish the SP composite as a reproducible, multifunctional, and sustainable polymeric platform suitable for wastewater treatment and electrochemical applications.

Graphical abstract