Comparative study of creep resistance in carbon black- and silica-reinforced rubber conical springs
摘要
Rubber conical springs are critical components of train suspension systems, and their long-term durability is partly constrained by elastomer creep behavior. Improving creep resistance must not compromise other essential performance characteristics, such as multi-axial stiffness and fatigue resistance. Therefore, with a focus on creep behavior, the initial phase of this research investigated the effects of replacing SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber) with an RSS/SBR (i.e. Ribbed Smoked Sheet /Styrene-Butadiene Rubber) blend, as well as modifying the silica surface with a bifunctional silane. Surface treatment of silica with a bifunctional silane was found to significantly reduce the interfacial slippage and creep deformation. The silane-treated silica compounds were predicted to exhibit promising long-term performance, with creep rates as low as 1.65%/decade. The RSS/SBR compound exhibited slightly improved creep resistance, attributed to its lower susceptibility to chemical and physical aging. Extending the study to carbon-black-filled RSS/SBR compounds, for which larger sample quantities were available, demonstrated a substantially lower fatigue crack growth rate compared to the SMR-based formulation. Subsequently, a conical spring was fabricated using this elastomer and subjected to a vertical load of approximately 45,000 N over 37 days. To enable reliable creep measurement of heavy-duty rubber components, a hydraulic press was redesigned to maintain a constant load with minimal pressure loss. The actual creep resistance of the rubber conical spring in a combined compression/shear mode was determined to be 3.39%/decade.