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<p>This study develops an eco-friendly flame retardant lignin composite (LC) using lignin, Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>], and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In this system, Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> functions as a chemical linker between lignin and APP through hydrogen bonding and interactions. The hydroxyl groups of Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> can form bonds with the phenolic –OH groups of lignin and the phosphate groups of APP, creating a more integrated and stable network. This crosslinked structure enhances char formation and thermal stability, thereby significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. Cotton fabric coated with LC withstood direct flame exposure for over 660 s, whereas lignin coated fabric burned completely in just 15 s. Characterization techniques, including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD, confirmed the composite’s properties. The LC coating increased the fabric’s limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 43%, indicating superior flame resistance. VFT analysis showed a char length of approximately 4 cm, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. The flame retardant mechanism suggests that LC forms a dense carbon char layer, effectively shielding the cotton fibres from heat. This study highlights lignin’s potential as a sustainable and biobased flame retardant, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fire-resistant materials.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A novel approach of aluminium hydroxide crosslinked biomass for flame resistant cotton textiles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Pratik R. Junekar,
  • Ankita A. Kadam,
  • Surajit Some

摘要

This study develops an eco-friendly flame retardant lignin composite (LC) using lignin, Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3], and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In this system, Al(OH)3 functions as a chemical linker between lignin and APP through hydrogen bonding and interactions. The hydroxyl groups of Al(OH)3 can form bonds with the phenolic –OH groups of lignin and the phosphate groups of APP, creating a more integrated and stable network. This crosslinked structure enhances char formation and thermal stability, thereby significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. Cotton fabric coated with LC withstood direct flame exposure for over 660 s, whereas lignin coated fabric burned completely in just 15 s. Characterization techniques, including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD, confirmed the composite’s properties. The LC coating increased the fabric’s limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 43%, indicating superior flame resistance. VFT analysis showed a char length of approximately 4 cm, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. The flame retardant mechanism suggests that LC forms a dense carbon char layer, effectively shielding the cotton fibres from heat. This study highlights lignin’s potential as a sustainable and biobased flame retardant, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fire-resistant materials.

Graphical abstract