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<p>This review provides a comprehensive overview of chitosan (CS)-based nanoparticles, focusing on their preparation methods, cross-linking strategies, physicochemical characteristics and therapeutic applications. CS, a biodegradable and positively charged polysaccharide, exhibits strong mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing properties, making it highly suitable for drug delivery systems. Various synthesis techniques, such as ionic gelation, spray drying, emulsion cross-linking and nanoprecipitation, are discussed, with reported particle sizes ranging from 100 to 600&#xa0;nm and encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) between 50 and 90%, depending on the formulation parameters. The use of cross-linkers, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), genipin, citric acid and glutaraldehyde, significantly influences particle stability, drug release kinetics and biocompatibility. This review critically examines the applications of CS nanoparticles across diverse delivery routes, including cancer, ocular, transdermal, colonic, mucosal, nasal, buccal, intravesical, hepatic, renal, vaccine and antibiotic therapies. Studies highlighted in this review demonstrate sustained drug release profiles of up to 48&#xa0;h, improved tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Overall, the article underscores the structural versatility and translational potential of CS nanoparticles in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems.</p>

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Exploring chitosan nanoparticles: preparation methods, cross-linking strategies and potential therapeutic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月27日

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  • Vidhi Sharma,
  • Anju Ambekar,
  • Kavita Singh

摘要

This review provides a comprehensive overview of chitosan (CS)-based nanoparticles, focusing on their preparation methods, cross-linking strategies, physicochemical characteristics and therapeutic applications. CS, a biodegradable and positively charged polysaccharide, exhibits strong mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing properties, making it highly suitable for drug delivery systems. Various synthesis techniques, such as ionic gelation, spray drying, emulsion cross-linking and nanoprecipitation, are discussed, with reported particle sizes ranging from 100 to 600 nm and encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) between 50 and 90%, depending on the formulation parameters. The use of cross-linkers, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), genipin, citric acid and glutaraldehyde, significantly influences particle stability, drug release kinetics and biocompatibility. This review critically examines the applications of CS nanoparticles across diverse delivery routes, including cancer, ocular, transdermal, colonic, mucosal, nasal, buccal, intravesical, hepatic, renal, vaccine and antibiotic therapies. Studies highlighted in this review demonstrate sustained drug release profiles of up to 48 h, improved tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Overall, the article underscores the structural versatility and translational potential of CS nanoparticles in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems.