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<p>Seashells are one of the natural materials widely used as a source of calcium (Ca). In addition to its many potentials, using shells can reduce solid waste in the environment. Thermal treatment of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) powder from seashells will decompose into calcium oxide. Calcium oxide (CaO) is used as a Ca reagent material in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be synthesized by reacting Ca and P reagents. The characteristics of HAp depend on the nature of the source material and the method performed. Some important factors that must be considered in improving the performance of HAp are stoichiometry, crystallinity, morphology, particle size, and distribution. In addition, modification of HAp is also essential in expanding the range of potential applications of HAp. This review describes various methods of synthesizing CaCO<sub>3</sub> and HAp from seashells to improve the mechanical and biological performance of HAp in its applications.</p>

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Seashell-derived calcium for hydroxyapatite synthesis: a review enhancing mechanical and biological performance through advanced methods and modifications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Nur Safitri,
  • Nurlaela Rauf,
  • Dahlang Tahir

摘要

Seashells are one of the natural materials widely used as a source of calcium (Ca). In addition to its many potentials, using shells can reduce solid waste in the environment. Thermal treatment of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder from seashells will decompose into calcium oxide. Calcium oxide (CaO) is used as a Ca reagent material in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be synthesized by reacting Ca and P reagents. The characteristics of HAp depend on the nature of the source material and the method performed. Some important factors that must be considered in improving the performance of HAp are stoichiometry, crystallinity, morphology, particle size, and distribution. In addition, modification of HAp is also essential in expanding the range of potential applications of HAp. This review describes various methods of synthesizing CaCO3 and HAp from seashells to improve the mechanical and biological performance of HAp in its applications.