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<p>This study explores the development of a promising chitosan–psyllium hydrogel (CH-GX-PY) crosslinked with glyoxal (GX) for the efficient removal of Fuchsin acid (FA) dyes. The hydrogel was synthesized using microwave irradiation. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using XRD, FTIR, TGA, and FESEM. Additionally, reaction parameters were optimized to evaluate and compare the swelling capacity of the hydrogel. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying adsorbent dosages, contact time, pH, and temperature. The adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity (q<sub>max</sub>) of 92.53&#xa0;mg/g at pH 7 and after 180&#xa0;min, achieving a removal efficiency of 96.18% for FA dye at an initial concentration of 25&#xa0;mg/L and adsorbent dose of 0.30&#xa0;g at 25&#xa0;°C and pH 7. Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemical adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed the process to be exothermic (ΔH° = − 27.17&#xa0;kJ/mol), spontaneous (ΔG° = − 57.91&#xa0;kJ/mol), and physically favorable, with a positive entropy change (ΔS° = + 0.101&#xa0;kJ/mol K), suggesting increased disorder at the adsorbent-dye interface. The findings suggest that CH-GX-PY hydrogels are highly efficient adsorbents for FA dye removal, offering the potential for wastewater treatment applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of chitosan–psyllium hydrogels for efficient removal of fuchsin acid dye from aqueous solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月13日

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  • Vasudha Vaid,
  • R. Rahul,
  • Komal Nandal,
  • Vikas Joshi,
  • Rahul Kumar Sharma,
  • Paras Saini,
  • D. Devanshi,
  • Kuljit Kaur,
  • Rajeev Jindal

摘要

This study explores the development of a promising chitosan–psyllium hydrogel (CH-GX-PY) crosslinked with glyoxal (GX) for the efficient removal of Fuchsin acid (FA) dyes. The hydrogel was synthesized using microwave irradiation. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using XRD, FTIR, TGA, and FESEM. Additionally, reaction parameters were optimized to evaluate and compare the swelling capacity of the hydrogel. Adsorption experiments were conducted by varying adsorbent dosages, contact time, pH, and temperature. The adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 92.53 mg/g at pH 7 and after 180 min, achieving a removal efficiency of 96.18% for FA dye at an initial concentration of 25 mg/L and adsorbent dose of 0.30 g at 25 °C and pH 7. Kinetic analysis followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemical adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed the process to be exothermic (ΔH° = − 27.17 kJ/mol), spontaneous (ΔG° = − 57.91 kJ/mol), and physically favorable, with a positive entropy change (ΔS° = + 0.101 kJ/mol K), suggesting increased disorder at the adsorbent-dye interface. The findings suggest that CH-GX-PY hydrogels are highly efficient adsorbents for FA dye removal, offering the potential for wastewater treatment applications.

Graphical abstract