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<p>Toxic dyes in wastewater pose significant health risks by contaminating water sources, underscoring the critical need for their removal in both scientific research and industrial contexts. This study involved synthesizing a hydrogel via using natural polysaccharides pullulan (PL) and pectin (PC) as the main components, with epichlorohydrin serving as the crosslinking agent to integrate these polymeric backbones. The synthesized hydrogel demonstrated effective removal of both cationic and anionic dyes, specifically eosin B (EB) and Bismarck Brown R (BBR), from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption performance was evaluated through comprehensive kinetic, isotherm, and adsorption model studies. Key parameters such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature were systematically varied to assess their influence on adsorption efficiency. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process were also determined. The adsorption of both EB and BBR onto the PC–PL hydrogel followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with Gibbs free energy changes of − 10.79&#xa0;kJ/mol for EB and − 12.49&#xa0;kJ/mol for BBR. The hydrogel exhibited maximum adsorption capacities (<i>q</i><sub>max</sub>) of 166.3&#xa0;mg/g for EB and 625.5&#xa0;mg/g for BBR. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.825&#xa0;mg/L and 2.5&#xa0;mg/L for EB, and 0.660&#xa0;mg/L and 2.1&#xa0;mg/L for BBR, respectively.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Efficient removal of Eosin B and Bismarck Brown dyes through microwave-assisted synthesis of pectin- and pullulan-based hydrogel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Komal Nandal,
  • Rajeev Jindal

摘要

Toxic dyes in wastewater pose significant health risks by contaminating water sources, underscoring the critical need for their removal in both scientific research and industrial contexts. This study involved synthesizing a hydrogel via using natural polysaccharides pullulan (PL) and pectin (PC) as the main components, with epichlorohydrin serving as the crosslinking agent to integrate these polymeric backbones. The synthesized hydrogel demonstrated effective removal of both cationic and anionic dyes, specifically eosin B (EB) and Bismarck Brown R (BBR), from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption performance was evaluated through comprehensive kinetic, isotherm, and adsorption model studies. Key parameters such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature were systematically varied to assess their influence on adsorption efficiency. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process were also determined. The adsorption of both EB and BBR onto the PC–PL hydrogel followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with Gibbs free energy changes of − 10.79 kJ/mol for EB and − 12.49 kJ/mol for BBR. The hydrogel exhibited maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 166.3 mg/g for EB and 625.5 mg/g for BBR. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.825 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L for EB, and 0.660 mg/L and 2.1 mg/L for BBR, respectively.

Graphical abstract