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<p>For the first time, thermosensitive chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite hydrogels have been utilized to encapsulate betel leaf extract (BLE) for localized anti-inflammatory applications. The one-pot synthesis produces hydrogels with a porous, interconnected, and thicker-walled structure attributed to the distribution of PVA within the chitosan matrix through physical interactions. The synthesized hydrogels display a gelation temperature range of 36.5–40.0&#xa0;°C, a gelation time of 8.92–13.33&#xa0;min at 37&#xa0;°C, and a mildly acidic pH range of 6.53–6.70. The hydrogels demonstrate swelling ability in response to pH and temperature, with an overall swelling ratio between 409 and 503%. The composite hydrogels are soft, with an elastic modulus of 1.60–1.77&#xa0;kPa, and their mechanical strength is positively influenced by PVA and BLE concentrations. In vitro BLE release of the composite hydrogel is comprehensively evaluated under simulated inflammatory (pH 6.5) and physiological (pH 7.4) conditions at 37&#xa0;°C and 39&#xa0;°C for each pH level. The hydrogel shows BLE release responsive to both pH and temperature, with the highest release rate of 61% observed at pH 6.5 and 39&#xa0;°C. The BLE release kinetics follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with an exponent below 0.45 in all tested conditions, indicating a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism where the release process is driven by a combination of diffusion, polymer relaxation upon contact with the medium, and interactions between BLE and the hydrogel matrix. These results suggest that the thermosensitive composite hydrogels, with improved durability, desirable swelling capacity, and controlled BLE release, are promising for localized anti-inflammatory applications.</p>

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Novel thermosensitive chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels delivering betel leaf extract: physicochemical characterization and release studies for localized anti-inflammatory applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月9日

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  • Nga H. N. Do,
  • Ha V. Le,
  • Khoa D. Nguyen,
  • Anh C. Ha

摘要

For the first time, thermosensitive chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite hydrogels have been utilized to encapsulate betel leaf extract (BLE) for localized anti-inflammatory applications. The one-pot synthesis produces hydrogels with a porous, interconnected, and thicker-walled structure attributed to the distribution of PVA within the chitosan matrix through physical interactions. The synthesized hydrogels display a gelation temperature range of 36.5–40.0 °C, a gelation time of 8.92–13.33 min at 37 °C, and a mildly acidic pH range of 6.53–6.70. The hydrogels demonstrate swelling ability in response to pH and temperature, with an overall swelling ratio between 409 and 503%. The composite hydrogels are soft, with an elastic modulus of 1.60–1.77 kPa, and their mechanical strength is positively influenced by PVA and BLE concentrations. In vitro BLE release of the composite hydrogel is comprehensively evaluated under simulated inflammatory (pH 6.5) and physiological (pH 7.4) conditions at 37 °C and 39 °C for each pH level. The hydrogel shows BLE release responsive to both pH and temperature, with the highest release rate of 61% observed at pH 6.5 and 39 °C. The BLE release kinetics follow the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with an exponent below 0.45 in all tested conditions, indicating a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism where the release process is driven by a combination of diffusion, polymer relaxation upon contact with the medium, and interactions between BLE and the hydrogel matrix. These results suggest that the thermosensitive composite hydrogels, with improved durability, desirable swelling capacity, and controlled BLE release, are promising for localized anti-inflammatory applications.