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<p>Stent-related re-stenosis is among the greatest challenges in the cardiovascular field. However, it can be resolved by replacement of the conventional stent with a fully polymeric bioresorbable stent (BRS). In this work, a three-dimensional (3D)-printed stent with a separated dual-functional surface was created; this comprised an outer sirolimus-loaded coating to inhibit cell proliferation and an inner heparin-grafted coating with anticoagulant properties. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to optimize processing conditions for polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and poly(<span>l</span>-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), the starting materials for printing of the stent, and there was no obvious molecular weight decay after 3D printing at 195&#xa0;°C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize chemical composition changes following coating of sirolimus and grafted heparin onto the stent. The hemolysis rate of the resulting BRS/SRL stent met clinical requirements, and the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen content, and thrombophilia test results indicated good antithrombogenicity. High-performance liquid chromatography and modified toluidine blue colorimetric analysis showed long-term sirolimus release and stability of the grafted heparin on the stent. Scanning electron microscopy and weight loss percentage measurements demonstrated increasing degradation of BRS/SRL with increasing time of immersion in phosphate-buffered saline solution, with a corresponding increase in the pH value of the solution. Finally, the heparin-grafted anticoagulation coating and sirolimus-loaded coatings showed good biocompatibility in cell culture and functional expression in a HUVEC monolayer. Taken together, these results show that such a functional partition of heparinized and drug-loaded coatings can provide an effective long-term solution to in-stent thrombosis.</p>

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Effects of dual-functional surface design on properties of bioresorbable stent molded by 3D printing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月5日

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  • Yuping Zhao,
  • Sheng Guan,
  • Guosheng Wang,
  • Xin Deng,
  • Shuo Liu,
  • Jie Cheng,
  • Xinbin Guo

摘要

Stent-related re-stenosis is among the greatest challenges in the cardiovascular field. However, it can be resolved by replacement of the conventional stent with a fully polymeric bioresorbable stent (BRS). In this work, a three-dimensional (3D)-printed stent with a separated dual-functional surface was created; this comprised an outer sirolimus-loaded coating to inhibit cell proliferation and an inner heparin-grafted coating with anticoagulant properties. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to optimize processing conditions for polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), the starting materials for printing of the stent, and there was no obvious molecular weight decay after 3D printing at 195 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize chemical composition changes following coating of sirolimus and grafted heparin onto the stent. The hemolysis rate of the resulting BRS/SRL stent met clinical requirements, and the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen content, and thrombophilia test results indicated good antithrombogenicity. High-performance liquid chromatography and modified toluidine blue colorimetric analysis showed long-term sirolimus release and stability of the grafted heparin on the stent. Scanning electron microscopy and weight loss percentage measurements demonstrated increasing degradation of BRS/SRL with increasing time of immersion in phosphate-buffered saline solution, with a corresponding increase in the pH value of the solution. Finally, the heparin-grafted anticoagulation coating and sirolimus-loaded coatings showed good biocompatibility in cell culture and functional expression in a HUVEC monolayer. Taken together, these results show that such a functional partition of heparinized and drug-loaded coatings can provide an effective long-term solution to in-stent thrombosis.