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<p>This study focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of hybrid composites reinforced with sunn hemp fibers, ABS, and silane-treated cellulose particles for potential applications in 3D printing. The composites were developed using a core–shell structure via compression molding, with ABS-cellulose filaments prepared through twin-screw extrusion and 3D printed into grid-shaped cores. The cellulose was extracted from rubber seed husks, chemically modified using 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS) to enhance interfacial bonding, and incorporated into ABS filaments. The composites were subjected to aging conditions, including temperature and warm water exposure at 60&#xa0;°C for 14&#xa0;days, to assess long-term durability. Mechanical testing revealed that specimen RSC4 exhibited superior performance with a tensile strength of 142 ± 1.16&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 242 ± 1.02&#xa0;MPa, and fatigue life of 44,000, 41,800, and 39,600 cycles at 30%, 60%, and 90% UTS, respectively. This is attributed to the optimal dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion provided by 2 phr silane-treated cellulose, which improved load transfer and resistance to crack propagation. In contrast, RSC5 demonstrated the highest drop load impact energy of 13.7&#xa0;J, deflection of 3.3&#xa0;mm, and thermal stability with a TG% of 99% and decomposition temperature of 487&#xa0;°C, due to the increased cellulose content enhancing energy absorption and thermal barrier properties. Specimen RSC5 exhibited superior dynamic mechanical properties, with the highest storage modulus of 5.2&#xa0;GPa at 92&#xa0;°C and the lowest loss factor (tan delta) of 0.61 at 94&#xa0;°C, indicating enhanced stiffness, thermal stability, and damping behavior due to the optimal incorporation of silane-treated cellulose particles. Despite potential filler agglomeration, silane treatment mitigated adverse effects by maintaining strong interfacial bonding. Aging effects were minimal across all specimens, indicating that silane treatment effectively preserved mechanical and thermal properties over time. SEM analysis confirmed improved fiber-matrix adhesion in RSC4, with uniform filler dispersion reducing microvoids, while RSC5 showed localized agglomeration yet maintained structural integrity due to robust silane bonding. This research highlights the potential of these composites for sustainable, high-performance applications in 3D printing and advanced manufacturing.</p>

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Investigation of temperature and water aging effects on epoxy composites reinforced with natural fibers and surface-modified cellulose filler

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月22日

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  • G. Tharanitharan,
  • C. Saravanan,
  • P. Raja,
  • R. T. Ajaykarthik

摘要

This study focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of hybrid composites reinforced with sunn hemp fibers, ABS, and silane-treated cellulose particles for potential applications in 3D printing. The composites were developed using a core–shell structure via compression molding, with ABS-cellulose filaments prepared through twin-screw extrusion and 3D printed into grid-shaped cores. The cellulose was extracted from rubber seed husks, chemically modified using 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS) to enhance interfacial bonding, and incorporated into ABS filaments. The composites were subjected to aging conditions, including temperature and warm water exposure at 60 °C for 14 days, to assess long-term durability. Mechanical testing revealed that specimen RSC4 exhibited superior performance with a tensile strength of 142 ± 1.16 MPa, flexural strength of 242 ± 1.02 MPa, and fatigue life of 44,000, 41,800, and 39,600 cycles at 30%, 60%, and 90% UTS, respectively. This is attributed to the optimal dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion provided by 2 phr silane-treated cellulose, which improved load transfer and resistance to crack propagation. In contrast, RSC5 demonstrated the highest drop load impact energy of 13.7 J, deflection of 3.3 mm, and thermal stability with a TG% of 99% and decomposition temperature of 487 °C, due to the increased cellulose content enhancing energy absorption and thermal barrier properties. Specimen RSC5 exhibited superior dynamic mechanical properties, with the highest storage modulus of 5.2 GPa at 92 °C and the lowest loss factor (tan delta) of 0.61 at 94 °C, indicating enhanced stiffness, thermal stability, and damping behavior due to the optimal incorporation of silane-treated cellulose particles. Despite potential filler agglomeration, silane treatment mitigated adverse effects by maintaining strong interfacial bonding. Aging effects were minimal across all specimens, indicating that silane treatment effectively preserved mechanical and thermal properties over time. SEM analysis confirmed improved fiber-matrix adhesion in RSC4, with uniform filler dispersion reducing microvoids, while RSC5 showed localized agglomeration yet maintained structural integrity due to robust silane bonding. This research highlights the potential of these composites for sustainable, high-performance applications in 3D printing and advanced manufacturing.