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<p>Patagonian fungi are an underexplored source of secondary metabolites with promising antimicrobial potential, a topic of growing relevance given the global spread of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of 85 fungal isolates from <i>Ascomycota</i>, <i>Basidiomycota</i>, and <i>Mucoromycota</i>; 49 fungal conditioned media displayed inhibition against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a 96-well OD₆₀₀ microplate assay. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Lysinibacillus sphaericus</i> were the most sensitive Gram-positive strains, while <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> showed the highest susceptibility among Gram-negative species. Complete inhibition of <i>S. aureus</i> was achieved in the conditioned-media assay by <i>Arthrinium arundinis</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i> sp., <i>Graphilbum</i> sp. 2, and <i>Postia balsamea</i>, with <i>Graphilbum</i> representing a previously unreported antimicrobial genus. In the conditioned-media microplate assay, potent antibacterial activity (&gt; 99.5%) against all 5 tested bacterial strains was recorded for <i>Allantophomopsis</i> sp., <i>Aureobasidium</i> sp., <i>Coniochaeta</i> sp., <i>Graphilbum</i> sp. 2, and <i>Mucor pyriformis</i>, most of which have not been previously associated with antibacterial activity against <i>Bacillus</i> or <i>Klebsiella</i> genus. Marked inhibition of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> laboratory strains was observed for <i>Arachnopeziza aurelia</i>, <i>Coprinellus</i> sp., and <i>Poria</i> sp. Remarkably, <i>Umbelopsis</i> (Mucoromycota) inhibited all bacteria strains tested in the conditioned-media assay, revealing previously unreported antibacterial activity for this genus. Several extracts retained measurable but variable antibacterial activity in disk-diffusion assays producing inhibition zones against selected bacterial strains. Chemical profiling of active extracts revealed cyclic dipeptides (diketopiperazines) as recurrent metabolites and a unique family of unknown compounds exclusively found in <i>Graphilbum</i> sp. 2, representing its first metabolomic characterization. Overall, these results identify Patagonian fungi as a valuable reservoir of bioactive metabolites with potential as new natural antimicrobial agents.</p>

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Antibacterial Potential of Patagonian Fungi: Screening, Metabolite Profiling, and Novel Findings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Daiana Andrea Calderón,
  • Enrique Andrés Del Vigo,
  • Gabriela Myriam Cabrera,
  • Cybele Carina García,
  • María Belén Pildain

摘要

Patagonian fungi are an underexplored source of secondary metabolites with promising antimicrobial potential, a topic of growing relevance given the global spread of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of 85 fungal isolates from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota; 49 fungal conditioned media displayed inhibition against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a 96-well OD₆₀₀ microplate assay. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus were the most sensitive Gram-positive strains, while Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest susceptibility among Gram-negative species. Complete inhibition of S. aureus was achieved in the conditioned-media assay by Arthrinium arundinis, Cladosporium sp., Graphilbum sp. 2, and Postia balsamea, with Graphilbum representing a previously unreported antimicrobial genus. In the conditioned-media microplate assay, potent antibacterial activity (> 99.5%) against all 5 tested bacterial strains was recorded for Allantophomopsis sp., Aureobasidium sp., Coniochaeta sp., Graphilbum sp. 2, and Mucor pyriformis, most of which have not been previously associated with antibacterial activity against Bacillus or Klebsiella genus. Marked inhibition of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae laboratory strains was observed for Arachnopeziza aurelia, Coprinellus sp., and Poria sp. Remarkably, Umbelopsis (Mucoromycota) inhibited all bacteria strains tested in the conditioned-media assay, revealing previously unreported antibacterial activity for this genus. Several extracts retained measurable but variable antibacterial activity in disk-diffusion assays producing inhibition zones against selected bacterial strains. Chemical profiling of active extracts revealed cyclic dipeptides (diketopiperazines) as recurrent metabolites and a unique family of unknown compounds exclusively found in Graphilbum sp. 2, representing its first metabolomic characterization. Overall, these results identify Patagonian fungi as a valuable reservoir of bioactive metabolites with potential as new natural antimicrobial agents.