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<p>Multidrug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesised through a blue laser-enhanced hydrothermal method combined with the flavonoid Naringenin (NAR) against multidrug-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> isolates. Sixty <i>S. aureus</i> strains were identified using a combination of morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses (VITEK-2 and 16&#xa0;S rRNA). All strains showed total resistance (100%) to oxacillin and cefoxitin and high resistance levels (60–90%) for vancomycin, erythromycin and fluoroquinolones. Characterization confirmed hexagonal ZNPs with a crystallite size of 38.78&#xa0;nm. Disk diffusion assays demonstrated enhanced efficacy of ZNPs-NAR combination, achieved a 16.67&#xa0;mm inhibition zone (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0001). Notably, while ZNPs singly suppressed leukocidin toxin genes <i>lukD</i> and <i>lukE</i> by 90.3% and 94.9%, inhibition, and NAR reduced expression by 62.4% and 61.9%, the ZNPs-NAR combination showed lower gene suppression (59.3% and 52.8%) yet superior bactericidal activity. This discrepancy reveals that the enhanced bactericidal effect stems not from amplified transcriptional inhibition, but from complementary mechanisms: ZNPs likely disrupt bacterial membranes to facilitate NAR uptake, while NAR concurrently interferes with intracellular targets like DNA replication. The findings demonstrate that nanoparticle-phytochemical combinations can achieve superior antimicrobial effects through synergistic mechanisms, offering a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant infections and reduce reliance on conventional antibiotics.</p>

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Synergistic Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles and Naringenin on lukE/D Genes Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Iman A. Al-Essawi,
  • Mazin A. Alalousi,
  • Mayada A. Shehan,
  • Oun Al-iedani

摘要

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesised through a blue laser-enhanced hydrothermal method combined with the flavonoid Naringenin (NAR) against multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates. Sixty S. aureus strains were identified using a combination of morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses (VITEK-2 and 16 S rRNA). All strains showed total resistance (100%) to oxacillin and cefoxitin and high resistance levels (60–90%) for vancomycin, erythromycin and fluoroquinolones. Characterization confirmed hexagonal ZNPs with a crystallite size of 38.78 nm. Disk diffusion assays demonstrated enhanced efficacy of ZNPs-NAR combination, achieved a 16.67 mm inhibition zone (p ≤ 0.0001). Notably, while ZNPs singly suppressed leukocidin toxin genes lukD and lukE by 90.3% and 94.9%, inhibition, and NAR reduced expression by 62.4% and 61.9%, the ZNPs-NAR combination showed lower gene suppression (59.3% and 52.8%) yet superior bactericidal activity. This discrepancy reveals that the enhanced bactericidal effect stems not from amplified transcriptional inhibition, but from complementary mechanisms: ZNPs likely disrupt bacterial membranes to facilitate NAR uptake, while NAR concurrently interferes with intracellular targets like DNA replication. The findings demonstrate that nanoparticle-phytochemical combinations can achieve superior antimicrobial effects through synergistic mechanisms, offering a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant infections and reduce reliance on conventional antibiotics.