<p>The swift and accurate detection of <i>Escherichia coli O157:H7</i> is vital for safeguarding public health due to the serious health risks it poses. Traditional detection methods, while effective, often face challenges such as prolonged processing times, intricate sample preparation, and reliance on specialized laboratory equipment. To address these issues, significant advancements have been made in the development of nanomaterials-based biosensors over the past two decades. These innovative technologies exploit the unique properties of nanomaterials, including their high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and capacity for rapid signal transduction. This manuscript reviews the recent advancements in biosensor technologies that utilize nanomaterials for detecting E. <i>coli O157:H7</i>, focusing on various strategies such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors. The benefits of these methods include improved sensitivity and specificity, along with the potential for real-time monitoring in clinical settings. Additionally, the pathological implications of E. coli O157:H7 infections are discussed, emphasizing the importance of timely detection for effective clinical management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>