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<p>The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This study reports the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) using <i>Citrullus colocynthis</i> extract, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, as a sustainable alternative to conventional antibiotics. The synthesized MgO-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorption peak at 250&#xa0;nm), XRD (cubic crystalline structure, 15–25&#xa0;nm size), SEM-EDX (agglomerated spherical morphology, Mg/O ratio 2.6:1), and FTIR (Mg-O vibration at 860&#xa0;cm<sup>− 1</sup>). The nanoparticles exhibited potent, dose-dependent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> [MIC: 35.3 ± 2.1&#xa0;µg/ml (0.0353 ± 0.0021&#xa0;mg/ml); MBC: 97.1 ± 3.5&#xa0;µg/ml (0.0971 ± 0.0035&#xa0;mg/ml)] and <i>Escherichia coli</i> [MIC: 47.5 ± 4.2&#xa0;µg/ml (0.0475 ± 0.0042&#xa0;mg/ml); MBC: 105.5 ± 6.8&#xa0;µg/ml (0.1055 ± 0.0068&#xa0;mg/ml)], with a bactericidal mode of action (MBC/MIC ≤ 4). Remarkably, MgO-NPs restored susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics (ceftazidime and penicillin) in resistant strains, demonstrating synergistic effects. Antifungal activity of MgO-NPs against <i>Candida albicans</i> (17.3 ± 0.7&#xa0;mm) and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> (14.4 ± 0.8&#xa0;mm) at a concentration of 10&#xa0;mg/ml was also observed. Phytochemical analysis revealed solvent-dependent bioactive constituents in <i>C. colocynthis</i>, with aqueous extracts rich in tannins/phenolics and methanolic extracts rich in flavonoids/terpenoids. This is the first report demonstrating the restoration of antibiotic susceptibility by MgO-NPs synthesized from <i>C. colocynthis</i> extract.</p>

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Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Citrullus colocynthis and their Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity against Drug-Resistant Pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Maqsood Qaisar,
  • Abdul Rehman,
  • Iffat Naz,
  • Hassan Naveed,
  • Baharullah Khattak,
  • Muhammad Qasim

摘要

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This study reports the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) using Citrullus colocynthis extract, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, as a sustainable alternative to conventional antibiotics. The synthesized MgO-NPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (absorption peak at 250 nm), XRD (cubic crystalline structure, 15–25 nm size), SEM-EDX (agglomerated spherical morphology, Mg/O ratio 2.6:1), and FTIR (Mg-O vibration at 860 cm− 1). The nanoparticles exhibited potent, dose-dependent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus [MIC: 35.3 ± 2.1 µg/ml (0.0353 ± 0.0021 mg/ml); MBC: 97.1 ± 3.5 µg/ml (0.0971 ± 0.0035 mg/ml)] and Escherichia coli [MIC: 47.5 ± 4.2 µg/ml (0.0475 ± 0.0042 mg/ml); MBC: 105.5 ± 6.8 µg/ml (0.1055 ± 0.0068 mg/ml)], with a bactericidal mode of action (MBC/MIC ≤ 4). Remarkably, MgO-NPs restored susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics (ceftazidime and penicillin) in resistant strains, demonstrating synergistic effects. Antifungal activity of MgO-NPs against Candida albicans (17.3 ± 0.7 mm) and Aspergillus niger (14.4 ± 0.8 mm) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was also observed. Phytochemical analysis revealed solvent-dependent bioactive constituents in C. colocynthis, with aqueous extracts rich in tannins/phenolics and methanolic extracts rich in flavonoids/terpenoids. This is the first report demonstrating the restoration of antibiotic susceptibility by MgO-NPs synthesized from C. colocynthis extract.