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<p>Seasonal fluctuations in diet and climate shape animal gut microbiota, especially those living in extreme climatic conditions. Yet their role in facilitating primate adaptation to high-altitude remains unclear. This study investigates the seasonal dynamics in gut microbiome of wild rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) from high altitude (over 3,000&#xa0;m) in Yajiang couke. We collected 117 fecal samples across four seasons and analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing combined with predictive functional metagenomics. We observed clear seasonal shifts in gut microbial diversity and composition. High α-diversity in autumn and winter reflected increased dietary diversity during these periods. Firmicutes predominated in summer, while Bacteroidota increased during winter. LEfSe analysis revealed seasonal specific taxa: <i>UCG-005</i>, <i>Christensenellaceae R-7</i>, and <i>Prevotella_9</i> were dominated in winter but declined in summer and spring, whereas <i>Blautia</i> peaked during summer and decreased toward winter. Redundancy analysis showed that temperature, humidity, and precipitation were positively associated with <i>Blautia</i> and <i>Sarcina</i>, but negatively with <i>Monoglobus</i> and <i>Helicobacter</i>, underscoring the strong influence of climatic variables on gut community structure. Functional predictions revealed seasonal differences in gut microbiota related to energy metabolism (spring), glycan biosynthesis (summer), membrane transport (autumn), and environmental adaptation (winter) indicating microbial contributions to host adaptation under fluctuating climatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that gut microbiome of high-altitude macaques is highly responsive to changes in seasonal diet and climate. By integrating microbiome dynamics with climatic drivers, our study provides new insights into host-microbe-environment interactions and advances our understanding of primate adaptation under extreme climatic conditions.</p>

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Seasonal dynamics of gut microbiota in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from western Sichuan Plateau and their adaptability to high altitude climate change

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Fazal Karim,
  • Qianqi Lin,
  • Huan Xie,
  • Shahla Nargis,
  • Hongtao Xiao,
  • Shengzhi Yang,
  • Ying Xiong,
  • Meng Xie,
  • Qingyong Ni,
  • Yongfang Yao,
  • Huailiang Xu

摘要

Seasonal fluctuations in diet and climate shape animal gut microbiota, especially those living in extreme climatic conditions. Yet their role in facilitating primate adaptation to high-altitude remains unclear. This study investigates the seasonal dynamics in gut microbiome of wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from high altitude (over 3,000 m) in Yajiang couke. We collected 117 fecal samples across four seasons and analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing combined with predictive functional metagenomics. We observed clear seasonal shifts in gut microbial diversity and composition. High α-diversity in autumn and winter reflected increased dietary diversity during these periods. Firmicutes predominated in summer, while Bacteroidota increased during winter. LEfSe analysis revealed seasonal specific taxa: UCG-005, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Prevotella_9 were dominated in winter but declined in summer and spring, whereas Blautia peaked during summer and decreased toward winter. Redundancy analysis showed that temperature, humidity, and precipitation were positively associated with Blautia and Sarcina, but negatively with Monoglobus and Helicobacter, underscoring the strong influence of climatic variables on gut community structure. Functional predictions revealed seasonal differences in gut microbiota related to energy metabolism (spring), glycan biosynthesis (summer), membrane transport (autumn), and environmental adaptation (winter) indicating microbial contributions to host adaptation under fluctuating climatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that gut microbiome of high-altitude macaques is highly responsive to changes in seasonal diet and climate. By integrating microbiome dynamics with climatic drivers, our study provides new insights into host-microbe-environment interactions and advances our understanding of primate adaptation under extreme climatic conditions.