<p>Biofilm formation presents significant challenges in healthcare, food processing, and water treatment, contributing to antibiotic resistance and persistent infections. Effective strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections are urgently needed. This study introduces a novel approach to biofilm removal by bio-functionalizing T4 bacteriophage with modified Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) and Nisin, an antibacterial peptide, to form the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex. The aim is to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm eradication. The Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex was synthesized by conjugating T4 bacteriophage with modified Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs and Nisin. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the complex was evaluated against multidrug-resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains</i> (<i>PA01</i> and <i>PA14</i>) using biofilm inhibition and eradication assays. Stability and efficacy were further tested across a pH range of 5 to 8. The Fe₃O₄-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex exhibited superior biofilm removal compared to its individual components. The integration of Nisin broadened the antibacterial spectrum, targeting both <i>Gram-positive</i> and <i>Gram-negative bacteria</i>, while the modified Fe₃O₄ NPs enhanced phage penetration and bacterial cell disruption. The complex demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition and eradication, addressing the challenge of biofilm-related antibiotic tolerance, which often necessitates high antibiotic doses. Additionally, it maintained stability and efficacy across varying pH conditions.</p>

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Integrating Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Nisin with T4 Bacteriophage for Enhanced Biofilm Eradication

  • Pei Zhang,
  • Huanggen Yang,
  • Malik Taj Ahmad,
  • Qi Zheng,
  • Guochao Nie,
  • Ayesha Ahmad,
  • Muslim Raza,
  • Saleem Raza

摘要

Biofilm formation presents significant challenges in healthcare, food processing, and water treatment, contributing to antibiotic resistance and persistent infections. Effective strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections are urgently needed. This study introduces a novel approach to biofilm removal by bio-functionalizing T4 bacteriophage with modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and Nisin, an antibacterial peptide, to form the Fe3O4-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex. The aim is to enhance antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm eradication. The Fe3O4-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex was synthesized by conjugating T4 bacteriophage with modified Fe3O4 NPs and Nisin. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the complex was evaluated against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PA01 and PA14) using biofilm inhibition and eradication assays. Stability and efficacy were further tested across a pH range of 5 to 8. The Fe₃O₄-Phage-T4 + Nisin complex exhibited superior biofilm removal compared to its individual components. The integration of Nisin broadened the antibacterial spectrum, targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while the modified Fe₃O₄ NPs enhanced phage penetration and bacterial cell disruption. The complex demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition and eradication, addressing the challenge of biofilm-related antibiotic tolerance, which often necessitates high antibiotic doses. Additionally, it maintained stability and efficacy across varying pH conditions.