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<p>Excessive fertilization and inefficient water use have increasingly undermined both the environmental sustainability and productivity of apple orchards, limiting the simultaneous improvement of yield and fruit quality. To address this challenge, we proposed a targeted water–fertilizer management strategy that integrates fertilizer product innovation, demand-based nutrient supply, calcium–magnesium supplementation, and water–fertilizer integration. A two-year field trial was conducted comparing five treatments: traditional farmer practice (TF), optimized fertilization (OF), OF with calcium–magnesium spraying (OFS), OF with water–fertilizer integration (OFI), and OF combined with calcium–magnesium spraying and water–fertilizer integration (OFSI). Results showed that OFI and OFSI significantly increased yields, with OFSI reaching 115.63 t/ha, 28.5% higher than TF. OFSI also improved fruit quality, including greater single fruit weight, higher soluble solids-to-acid ratio, and increased vitamin C content. Furthermore, OFI and OFSI promoted a more favorable shoot structure—longer spring shoots and shorter autumn shoots, and expanded leaf area, which supported fruit enlargement. These benefits were associated with higher fertilizer and water use efficiencies under integrated management. The simultaneous enhancement of yield and quality was closely linked to a stable soil nitrogen supply, particularly nitrate stability. Economic analysis revealed that OFSI and OFI reduced costs by 11.6% and 13.1%, respectively, and increased net income by 52.9% and 38.1% compared to TF. Overall, the OFSI strategy demonstrated strong potential to enhance yield, quality, and profitability, offering a practical strategy for sustainable apple production in smallholder systems.</p>

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Optimizing water–fertilizer integration at key growth stages for synergistic improvement of apple yield and quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Zhiping Duan,
  • Yu Song,
  • Weifeng Zhang,
  • Zengyuan Li

摘要

Excessive fertilization and inefficient water use have increasingly undermined both the environmental sustainability and productivity of apple orchards, limiting the simultaneous improvement of yield and fruit quality. To address this challenge, we proposed a targeted water–fertilizer management strategy that integrates fertilizer product innovation, demand-based nutrient supply, calcium–magnesium supplementation, and water–fertilizer integration. A two-year field trial was conducted comparing five treatments: traditional farmer practice (TF), optimized fertilization (OF), OF with calcium–magnesium spraying (OFS), OF with water–fertilizer integration (OFI), and OF combined with calcium–magnesium spraying and water–fertilizer integration (OFSI). Results showed that OFI and OFSI significantly increased yields, with OFSI reaching 115.63 t/ha, 28.5% higher than TF. OFSI also improved fruit quality, including greater single fruit weight, higher soluble solids-to-acid ratio, and increased vitamin C content. Furthermore, OFI and OFSI promoted a more favorable shoot structure—longer spring shoots and shorter autumn shoots, and expanded leaf area, which supported fruit enlargement. These benefits were associated with higher fertilizer and water use efficiencies under integrated management. The simultaneous enhancement of yield and quality was closely linked to a stable soil nitrogen supply, particularly nitrate stability. Economic analysis revealed that OFSI and OFI reduced costs by 11.6% and 13.1%, respectively, and increased net income by 52.9% and 38.1% compared to TF. Overall, the OFSI strategy demonstrated strong potential to enhance yield, quality, and profitability, offering a practical strategy for sustainable apple production in smallholder systems.