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<p>The temporal stability (TS) of soil water content (SWC) during the non-growing season (NGS) supports infiltration recharge and drought memory on red soil hillslopes, yet its controls under water-retaining agent (WRA) amendment remain poorly quantified. We implemented a five-level WRA gradient (0-0.8% w/w) on a sloping cropland in Jiangxi, China, and monitored SWC and key environmental variables at high frequency throughout the NGS (234 days). TS patterns and coherence were quantified using relative-difference metrics, the temporal stability index, and Spearman’s rank correlation (<i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>), and potential drivers were examined using Pearson correlation and Wavelet Coherency. SWC displayed a persistent two-layer dynamic, with rapid shallow responses and delayed deep variations. Inter-layer synchrony was high at each WRA level (<i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> ≥ 0.90) but declined with increasing WRA, indicating cross-layer decoupling (minimum <i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> = 0.47). Six representative monitoring windows common to both layers approximated mean SWC well (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.90–0.97). With increasing WRA, SWC correlations strengthened with temperature and soil electrical conductivity, whereas correlations with precipitation and humidity weakened. Across scales, shallow SWC was most sensitive at short timescales, while deep-layer coupling was weaker, strengthened at intermediate timescales, and stabilized at longer timescales. Overall, these results refine monitoring-window selection and support drought diagnostics and soil-water management in seasonal drought-prone hillslopes.</p>

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Temporal stability and multi-scale influences of soil water content during non-growing season in a newly reclaimed red soil in Southern China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Kun Liang,
  • Xuchao Zhu,
  • Lei Gao,
  • Rongjun Wu

摘要

The temporal stability (TS) of soil water content (SWC) during the non-growing season (NGS) supports infiltration recharge and drought memory on red soil hillslopes, yet its controls under water-retaining agent (WRA) amendment remain poorly quantified. We implemented a five-level WRA gradient (0-0.8% w/w) on a sloping cropland in Jiangxi, China, and monitored SWC and key environmental variables at high frequency throughout the NGS (234 days). TS patterns and coherence were quantified using relative-difference metrics, the temporal stability index, and Spearman’s rank correlation (rs), and potential drivers were examined using Pearson correlation and Wavelet Coherency. SWC displayed a persistent two-layer dynamic, with rapid shallow responses and delayed deep variations. Inter-layer synchrony was high at each WRA level (rs ≥ 0.90) but declined with increasing WRA, indicating cross-layer decoupling (minimum rs = 0.47). Six representative monitoring windows common to both layers approximated mean SWC well (R2 = 0.90–0.97). With increasing WRA, SWC correlations strengthened with temperature and soil electrical conductivity, whereas correlations with precipitation and humidity weakened. Across scales, shallow SWC was most sensitive at short timescales, while deep-layer coupling was weaker, strengthened at intermediate timescales, and stabilized at longer timescales. Overall, these results refine monitoring-window selection and support drought diagnostics and soil-water management in seasonal drought-prone hillslopes.