Northeastern China relies on solar greenhouses to supply fresh vegetables, but farmers have invested heavily in water and fertilizer in pursuit of high yields, which has exacerbated greenhouse pests and diseases and greatly reduced the yield and quality of green peppers. Therefore, we should carry out scientific management of water and fertilizer in the region, and then improve the yield and quality of crops as well as the efficiency of water and fertilizer use to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study was to derive the effects of deficit irrigation and nitrogen application on quality, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and dry matter allocation of greenhouse peppers through a green pepper plot experiment. The experiment was conducted in August-December 2019 and 2020 in a randomized block design. The experiment was set up with three irrigation levels (W1: 60–70% （W1：60-70%）<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="271_2025_1014_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> <mtext>FC</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>,W2: 70–80%   ，W2：70–80%<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="271_2025_1014_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> <mtext>FC</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and W3: 80–90%   <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="271_2025_1014_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> <mtext>FC</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and three nitrogen application levels (N1: 120 kg ha−1, N2: 180 kg ha−1 and N3: 240 kg ha−1), in which <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="271_2025_1014_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="27" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">θ</mi> <mtext>FC</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the amount of water held in the field. The experiment was conducted using two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and EWTOPSIS-AISM to analyze the data from each treatment. The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected green pepper Yield, WUE and NUE (P ≤ 0.001). Moderate water deficits favor peppers' yield and quality, while excessive nitrogen application reduces peppers' quality and yield. Reducing irrigation and rational fertilization could increase WUE, and controlling irrigation and reducing N fertilization would increase NUE. Comprehensive data from the two-year experiment showed that the W1N2 treatment had the best quality and highest WUE. Pearson correlation analysis showed that green pepper Yield was positively correlated with WUE, NUE, SDM, LDM and FDM. Comprehensive evaluation showed that greenhouse peppers could get the best economic benefits by controlling soil water content at 60 to 70% of field water holding capacity and applying N at 180 kg ha−1.

Optimization of water and nitrogen management for greenhouse green peppers in Northeast China that balances yield, quality and sustainability

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年4月21日

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Bo Li,
Shihao Yu,
Xuehui Li,
Mingze Yao,
Lizhen Mao,
Mingyu Zhao,
Zhanyang Xu,
Feng Zhang

摘要

Northeastern China relies on solar greenhouses to supply fresh vegetables, but farmers have invested heavily in water and fertilizer in pursuit of high yields, which has exacerbated greenhouse pests and diseases and greatly reduced the yield and quality of green peppers. Therefore, we should carry out scientific management of water and fertilizer in the region, and then improve the yield and quality of crops as well as the efficiency of water and fertilizer use to achieve sustainable development. The aim of this study was to derive the effects of deficit irrigation and nitrogen application on quality, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and dry matter allocation of greenhouse peppers through a green pepper plot experiment. The experiment was conducted in August-December 2019 and 2020 in a randomized block design. The experiment was set up with three irrigation levels (W1: 60–70% （W1：60-70%） ${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$ $θ_{FC}$ ,W2: 70–80% ，W2：70–80% ${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$ $θ_{FC}$ and W3: 80–90% ${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$ $θ_{FC}$ ) and three nitrogen application levels (N1: 120 kg ha⁻¹, N2: 180 kg ha⁻¹ and N3: 240 kg ha⁻¹), in which ${\uptheta }_{\text{FC}}$ $θ_{FC}$ denotes the amount of water held in the field. The experiment was conducted using two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and EWTOPSIS-AISM to analyze the data from each treatment. The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected green pepper Yield, WUE and NUE (P ≤ 0.001). Moderate water deficits favor peppers' yield and quality, while excessive nitrogen application reduces peppers' quality and yield. Reducing irrigation and rational fertilization could increase WUE, and controlling irrigation and reducing N fertilization would increase NUE. Comprehensive data from the two-year experiment showed that the W1N2 treatment had the best quality and highest WUE. Pearson correlation analysis showed that green pepper Yield was positively correlated with WUE, NUE, SDM, LDM and FDM. Comprehensive evaluation showed that greenhouse peppers could get the best economic benefits by controlling soil water content at 60 to 70% of field water holding capacity and applying N at 180 kg ha⁻¹.