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Background <p>Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy is a&#xa0;standard of care in female patients; however, the role and characteristics of IBR in male patients remain poorly defined. Here, the authors aim to investigate IBR trends in both males and females.</p> Methods <p>A retrospective analysis of male and female patients undergoing mastectomy from 2005 to 2023 was conducted using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database (<i>n</i>&#xa0;=&#xa0;450,925; male&#xa0;=&#xa0;7,445, female=443,480). The most common methods of IBR (≥&#xa0;0.1% of patients) were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Demographics, comorbidities, outcomes, and rates of IBR were analyzed using independent t-tests and Chi-square tests. The association between year and rate of IBR by sex was investigated using a logistic regression model.</p> Results <p>From 2005 to 2023, 21.0% of male (1,562) and 55.4% of female (245,750) patients underwent IBR following mastectomy (<i>p</i>&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;0.0001). Among patients undergoing IBR, the most common male breast reconstruction procedures were nipple–areolar complex reconstruction (43.9%) and tissue expander placement (9.4%), whereas the most common female breast reconstruction procedures were tissue expander placement (42.7%) and implant placement (23.3%). The 30-day IBR surgical-site complication rate was low, with females suffering more morbidity than males (5.0% v. 3.2%, <i>p</i>&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;0.001). There was an association between year and rate of IBR for both male (<i>β</i>&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.2036, 95% CI 0.1871–0.2203, <i>p</i>&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;0.0001) and female (<i>β</i>&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.0428, 95% CI 0.0415–0.0440, <i>p</i>&#xa0;&lt;&#xa0;0.0001) patients.</p> Conclusions <p>Compared to female patients, IBR remains low in male patients. However, the year-to-year growth in IBR is encouraging and may indicate increasing awareness and acceptance of reconstruction in male patients.</p> Level of Evidence III <p>This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors <a href="http://www.springer.com/00266">www.springer.com/00266</a>.</p>

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Characterization of Sex-Specific Immediate Breast Reconstruction Trends Following Mastectomy Between 2005 and 2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Joseph D. Quick,
  • Keyvon Rashidi,
  • Patrick Potoczak,
  • Rachel E. Schafer,
  • Graham S. Schwarz

摘要

Background

Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy is a standard of care in female patients; however, the role and characteristics of IBR in male patients remain poorly defined. Here, the authors aim to investigate IBR trends in both males and females.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of male and female patients undergoing mastectomy from 2005 to 2023 was conducted using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database (n = 450,925; male = 7,445, female=443,480). The most common methods of IBR (≥ 0.1% of patients) were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Demographics, comorbidities, outcomes, and rates of IBR were analyzed using independent t-tests and Chi-square tests. The association between year and rate of IBR by sex was investigated using a logistic regression model.

Results

From 2005 to 2023, 21.0% of male (1,562) and 55.4% of female (245,750) patients underwent IBR following mastectomy (p < 0.0001). Among patients undergoing IBR, the most common male breast reconstruction procedures were nipple–areolar complex reconstruction (43.9%) and tissue expander placement (9.4%), whereas the most common female breast reconstruction procedures were tissue expander placement (42.7%) and implant placement (23.3%). The 30-day IBR surgical-site complication rate was low, with females suffering more morbidity than males (5.0% v. 3.2%, p < 0.001). There was an association between year and rate of IBR for both male (β = 0.2036, 95% CI 0.1871–0.2203, p < 0.0001) and female (β = 0.0428, 95% CI 0.0415–0.0440, p < 0.0001) patients.

Conclusions

Compared to female patients, IBR remains low in male patients. However, the year-to-year growth in IBR is encouraging and may indicate increasing awareness and acceptance of reconstruction in male patients.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.