Background Loss of nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensation following mastectomy is a significant concern in both gender-affirming and oncologic breast surgery. Targeted nipple-areola complex reinnervation (TNR) has emerged as a technique to improve sensory outcomes by restoring nerve connections to the NAC. This study systematically reviews the literature and conducts a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of TNR in both gender-affirming mastectomy and oncologic breast reconstruction. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies reporting NAC neurotization outcomes. Studies were included if they assessed sensory recovery following TNR in gender-affirming mastectomy or oncologic breast reconstruction. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on four studies reporting monofilament thresholds, with separate meta-analyses conducted for areola sensation and peripheral breast sensation. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed. Results Twelve studies encompassing 342 participants (195 with TNR, 147 controls) were included. Meta-analysis of TNR in gender-affirming mastectomy patients demonstrated significantly improved NAC, areola, and peripheral breast skin sensation compared to controls (MD: − 1.73, 95% CI: − 2.15 to − 1.32, p < 0.0001, I2 = 67.78%; MD: − 1.73, 95% CI: − 1.91 to − 1.56, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%; MD: − 1.59, 95% CI: − 1.81 to − 1.37, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0% respectively). Comparisons between gender-affirming and oncologic mastectomy cohorts indicated earlier and more consistent sensory recovery in gender-affirming procedures, likely due to proactive neurotization techniques. Conclusion TNR significantly enhances NAC sensation in both gender-affirming and oncologic mastectomy patients. Gender-affirming cases demonstrate earlier and more predictable recovery, whereas oncologic reconstruction studies show more variable outcomes. Further research is needed to standardize neurotization techniques and evaluate long-term sensory restoration. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors <a href="http://www.springer.com/00266">www.springer.com/00266</a>.

Targeted Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) Reinnervation (TNR): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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2025年8月28日

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Antoinette T. Nguyen,
Rebeka A. Dejenie,
Rena A. Li,
Marco F. Ellis,
Robert D. Galiano

摘要

Background

Loss of nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensation following mastectomy is a significant concern in both gender-affirming and oncologic breast surgery. Targeted nipple-areola complex reinnervation (TNR) has emerged as a technique to improve sensory outcomes by restoring nerve connections to the NAC. This study systematically reviews the literature and conducts a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of TNR in both gender-affirming mastectomy and oncologic breast reconstruction.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies reporting NAC neurotization outcomes. Studies were included if they assessed sensory recovery following TNR in gender-affirming mastectomy or oncologic breast reconstruction. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on four studies reporting monofilament thresholds, with separate meta-analyses conducted for areola sensation and peripheral breast sensation. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed.

Results

Twelve studies encompassing 342 participants (195 with TNR, 147 controls) were included. Meta-analysis of TNR in gender-affirming mastectomy patients demonstrated significantly improved NAC, areola, and peripheral breast skin sensation compared to controls (MD: − 1.73, 95% CI: − 2.15 to − 1.32, p < 0.0001, I² = 67.78%; MD: − 1.73, 95% CI: − 1.91 to − 1.56, p < 0.0001, I² = 0%; MD: − 1.59, 95% CI: − 1.81 to − 1.37, p < 0.0001, I² = 0% respectively). Comparisons between gender-affirming and oncologic mastectomy cohorts indicated earlier and more consistent sensory recovery in gender-affirming procedures, likely due to proactive neurotization techniques.

Conclusion

TNR significantly enhances NAC sensation in both gender-affirming and oncologic mastectomy patients. Gender-affirming cases demonstrate earlier and more predictable recovery, whereas oncologic reconstruction studies show more variable outcomes. Further research is needed to standardize neurotization techniques and evaluate long-term sensory restoration.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.