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Introduction <p>The study investigates the evolution of glabellar wrinkle patterns over the past century, examining their role as indicators of biological ageing, environmental exposure, and societal shifts. Beyond aesthetic concerns, these wrinkles reflect changes in human behaviour, technological advancements, and environmental conditions.</p> Methods <p>A dataset of 12,400 facial images from 1900 to 2024, featuring individuals aged 25–65, was analysed. Images were enhanced using Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network to preserve wrinkle details. Convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory models identified temporal trends, while finite element analysis simulated the biomechanical factors influencing wrinkle formation, including skin elasticity and muscle dynamics.</p> Results <p>The "11" wrinkle pattern increased from 33% in 1900 to 55% in 2024, linked to stress and prolonged screen exposure. Conversely, the “Omega” pattern declined from 56 to 28%, reflecting improved skincare and cosmetic interventions. Wrinkle depth decreased globally, influenced by reduced UV exposure and widespread use of aesthetic treatments. Biomechanical simulations highlighted the role of muscle interdigitation and skin elasticity in shaping wrinkle morphology.</p> Conclusion <p>Glabellar wrinkles are dynamic markers of human experience, reflecting the interplay of biology, environment, and culture. The interdisciplinary study, combining AI and dermatological insights, provides a comprehensive understanding of wrinkle evolution. The findings have significant implications for personalised aesthetic treatments, preventative skincare strategies, and public health policies addressing the impacts of modern lifestyles on skin ageing.</p> Level of Evidence III <p>This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors <a href="http://www.springer.com/00266">www.springer.com/00266</a>.</p>

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Lines of Time: The Evolution of Glabellar Wrinkles over a Century

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月25日

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  • Eqram Rahman,
  • Karim Sayed,
  • Parinitha Rao,
  • Aofie Flanagan,
  • Patricia E. Garcia,
  • Nusrat Jahan Chowdhury,
  • Sotirios Ioannidis,
  • Alexander D. Nassif,
  • William Richard Webb,
  • Hsien-Li Peter Peng,
  • Greg J. Goodman,
  • Jean D. A. Carruthers,
  • Woffles T. L. Wu

摘要

Introduction

The study investigates the evolution of glabellar wrinkle patterns over the past century, examining their role as indicators of biological ageing, environmental exposure, and societal shifts. Beyond aesthetic concerns, these wrinkles reflect changes in human behaviour, technological advancements, and environmental conditions.

Methods

A dataset of 12,400 facial images from 1900 to 2024, featuring individuals aged 25–65, was analysed. Images were enhanced using Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network to preserve wrinkle details. Convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory models identified temporal trends, while finite element analysis simulated the biomechanical factors influencing wrinkle formation, including skin elasticity and muscle dynamics.

Results

The "11" wrinkle pattern increased from 33% in 1900 to 55% in 2024, linked to stress and prolonged screen exposure. Conversely, the “Omega” pattern declined from 56 to 28%, reflecting improved skincare and cosmetic interventions. Wrinkle depth decreased globally, influenced by reduced UV exposure and widespread use of aesthetic treatments. Biomechanical simulations highlighted the role of muscle interdigitation and skin elasticity in shaping wrinkle morphology.

Conclusion

Glabellar wrinkles are dynamic markers of human experience, reflecting the interplay of biology, environment, and culture. The interdisciplinary study, combining AI and dermatological insights, provides a comprehensive understanding of wrinkle evolution. The findings have significant implications for personalised aesthetic treatments, preventative skincare strategies, and public health policies addressing the impacts of modern lifestyles on skin ageing.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.