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<p>Spatial learning enables fish to efficiently navigate their environment by memorizing spatial features and daily routes. Fish acquire information about their environment through individual and group learning. This leads to variations in ecological success depending on spatial learning ability. The relationship between fish spatial learning ability and phenotypic traits (personality, metabolic rate, brain size) has attracted increasing attention, but research results are inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between spatial learning and multiple phenotypic traits in goldfish (<i>Carassius auratus</i>). These included brain size (weight and volume), personality (activity and boldness), and metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). We tested goldfish under two spatial learning conditions: individual vs. group. Goldfish demonstrated remarkable spatial learning, forming associations between food and landmarks and improving performance (latency, accuracy, speed) with increasing trials. Group learning enhanced performance compared to individual learning. Larger brain size correlated with higher metabolic rates. In individual learning, higher metabolic rates correlated with superior spatial learning, but this was not observed in group learning. Group learning showed decreasing cohesion but increased coordination with trials. Goldfish learn more effectively in groups than individually, though group cohesion decreases with experience. This has significant implications for fish in variable habitats facing climate change.</p>

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Links between personality, metabolic rates, brain size, and spatial learning ability of goldfish (Carassius auratus) under two conditions of spatial learning

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月12日

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  • Wu-Xin Li,
  • Shi-Jian Fu,
  • Ling-Qing Zeng

摘要

Spatial learning enables fish to efficiently navigate their environment by memorizing spatial features and daily routes. Fish acquire information about their environment through individual and group learning. This leads to variations in ecological success depending on spatial learning ability. The relationship between fish spatial learning ability and phenotypic traits (personality, metabolic rate, brain size) has attracted increasing attention, but research results are inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between spatial learning and multiple phenotypic traits in goldfish (Carassius auratus). These included brain size (weight and volume), personality (activity and boldness), and metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). We tested goldfish under two spatial learning conditions: individual vs. group. Goldfish demonstrated remarkable spatial learning, forming associations between food and landmarks and improving performance (latency, accuracy, speed) with increasing trials. Group learning enhanced performance compared to individual learning. Larger brain size correlated with higher metabolic rates. In individual learning, higher metabolic rates correlated with superior spatial learning, but this was not observed in group learning. Group learning showed decreasing cohesion but increased coordination with trials. Goldfish learn more effectively in groups than individually, though group cohesion decreases with experience. This has significant implications for fish in variable habitats facing climate change.