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<p>Scleral exposure in humans has gained growing interest due to its debated uniqueness and potential role in gaze signaling and social behaviors. This article presents the main methods of scleral exposure assessment and investigates their reliability and impact on behavioral research. We reviewed the protocols, benefits, and limitations of commonly used measures; the Sclera Size Index (SSI), Total Scleral Area (TSA), and Scleral Area Ratio (SAR). Reliability assessments between raters and between methods were conducted using multiple Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). We then measured the relationship between scleral exposure and social ratings (trustworthiness, attractiveness, fearfulness) and compared the results for each metric. The review indicated that SSI provides straightforward assessments but may overlook true scleral exposure, TSA offers precision but faces challenges regarding standardization, and SAR seems to balance accuracy with normalization. ICC results for SSI measurements suggested poor to good between-raters reliability, while ICC results for all different measures ranged from moderate to good reliability. Regarding scleral size exposure and social ratings, we found that results differed across measurement methods. SAR showed quadratic associations between scleral exposure and trustworthiness, attractiveness, and fearfulness, with averaged scleral sizes generally receiving more favorable judgments, while TSA did not yield a significant association with trust or attractiveness and SSI found no significant associations with fear ratings. To conclude, the global preference for averaged scleral sizes deepens the disputed role of scleral conspicuousness on social behaviors, and while standardization improvements in current protocols are critical, SAR seems to be a reliable and promising metric.</p>

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Evaluating scleral exposure in human eyes: a review of measurement methods, an exploration of reliability, and implications in behavioral experimental research

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Mathias Boyer-Brosseau,
  • Sébastien Hétu,
  • Simon Rigoulot

摘要

Scleral exposure in humans has gained growing interest due to its debated uniqueness and potential role in gaze signaling and social behaviors. This article presents the main methods of scleral exposure assessment and investigates their reliability and impact on behavioral research. We reviewed the protocols, benefits, and limitations of commonly used measures; the Sclera Size Index (SSI), Total Scleral Area (TSA), and Scleral Area Ratio (SAR). Reliability assessments between raters and between methods were conducted using multiple Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). We then measured the relationship between scleral exposure and social ratings (trustworthiness, attractiveness, fearfulness) and compared the results for each metric. The review indicated that SSI provides straightforward assessments but may overlook true scleral exposure, TSA offers precision but faces challenges regarding standardization, and SAR seems to balance accuracy with normalization. ICC results for SSI measurements suggested poor to good between-raters reliability, while ICC results for all different measures ranged from moderate to good reliability. Regarding scleral size exposure and social ratings, we found that results differed across measurement methods. SAR showed quadratic associations between scleral exposure and trustworthiness, attractiveness, and fearfulness, with averaged scleral sizes generally receiving more favorable judgments, while TSA did not yield a significant association with trust or attractiveness and SSI found no significant associations with fear ratings. To conclude, the global preference for averaged scleral sizes deepens the disputed role of scleral conspicuousness on social behaviors, and while standardization improvements in current protocols are critical, SAR seems to be a reliable and promising metric.