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Abstract <p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major animal infectious disease that has garnered significant international attention. Currently, conventional inactivated vaccines and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines primarily induce protective immune responses through the generation of neutralizing antibodies. However, these vaccines exhibit limited activation of cellular immunity and offer short-term immune persistence. Furthermore, inactivated vaccines raise certain biosafety concerns. In this study, an FMD mRNA vaccine capable of self-assembling into non-infectious VLP was developed. Immunization of mice demonstrated that this VLP mRNA vaccine not only elicited robust humoral immune responses with long-lasting antibody production but also effectively activated cellular immunity. In guinea pig challenge experiments, it provided immune protection comparable to that of traditional inactivated vaccines. The dual immune mechanism—simultaneously activating both humoral and cellular immunity—overcomes the limitations of traditional vaccines, making this VLP mRNA vaccine an innovative candidate for FMD control and providing a technical foundation for the development of VLP mRNA vaccines for other animal diseases.</p> Key points <p>•&#xa0;<i>A novel FMD mRNA vaccine that self-assembles into VLP was successfully developed.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine effectively stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine provides protective efficacy in guinea pig challenge models.</i></p>

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particle mRNA vaccine induces strong humoral and cellular immunity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Haiyun Liu,
  • Yun Zhang,
  • Suyu Mu,
  • Fengping Hou,
  • LiXin Jiang,
  • Zi Wang,
  • Hu Dong,
  • Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi,
  • Huichen Guo,
  • Shiqi Sun

摘要

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major animal infectious disease that has garnered significant international attention. Currently, conventional inactivated vaccines and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines primarily induce protective immune responses through the generation of neutralizing antibodies. However, these vaccines exhibit limited activation of cellular immunity and offer short-term immune persistence. Furthermore, inactivated vaccines raise certain biosafety concerns. In this study, an FMD mRNA vaccine capable of self-assembling into non-infectious VLP was developed. Immunization of mice demonstrated that this VLP mRNA vaccine not only elicited robust humoral immune responses with long-lasting antibody production but also effectively activated cellular immunity. In guinea pig challenge experiments, it provided immune protection comparable to that of traditional inactivated vaccines. The dual immune mechanism—simultaneously activating both humoral and cellular immunity—overcomes the limitations of traditional vaccines, making this VLP mRNA vaccine an innovative candidate for FMD control and providing a technical foundation for the development of VLP mRNA vaccines for other animal diseases.

Key points

• A novel FMD mRNA vaccine that self-assembles into VLP was successfully developed.

• The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine effectively stimulates both humoral and cellular immune responses.

• The FMD VLP mRNA vaccine provides protective efficacy in guinea pig challenge models.