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Abstract <p><i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> is an established production host for therapeutic proteins; many of those are small proteins such as insulin or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs. Contrastingly, proteins of higher molecular weight, foremost antibodies, did not reach the market due, among other factors, to limiting productivity. Here we addressed the loss of product to protein degradation through a combination of genetic engineering of the host and medium optimization. We screened target genes that either directly or indirectly can lead to proteolytic degradation. We identified four deletions that are beneficial for expression: <i>PEP1</i> and <i>VPS30</i>, which both can channel proteins to the vacuole for degradation; <i>MON2</i>, which can lead to the re-uptake of secreted proteins; and <i>ALG3</i>, which can affect the permeability of the cell wall. In parallel, we developed a small-scale fed-batch cultivation system for 24-well deep well plate cultivations and using an amino acid-rich medium. To stabilize secreted proteins, we screened chemical chaperones and osmolytes. We fortified the medium with arginine, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), and Tween-20. Using the engineered yeast strain, which features <i>VPS30</i>, <i>PEP1</i>, and <i>ALG3</i> deletions, and the small-scale fed-batch system, we obtained 2.5&#xa0;µg/mL of a secreted chimeric fusion of a nanobody to the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of a human immunoglobulin. Instrumental to the increase in the final titer were the reduced losses. This was achieved by a combination of complementary measures: improving diffusion through the cell wall, achieved through genetic engineering, and reducing losses to proteolytic degradation through medium optimization and genetic engineering. Moreover, we showed that the engineered strain and cultivation set-up are suitable for the production of different antibodies.</p> Key points <p>• <i>Chemical chaperones and amino acid-rich medium increased secreted protein titers.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>Medium and host engineering are instrumental for improving productivity.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>Small-scale cultivation system enables production levels suitable for characterization.</i></p>

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An integrated cell and medium engineering approach for production of a nanobody fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Laura R. K. Niemelä,
  • Lotta-Mari Kirjavainen,
  • Hendrikje C. J. Kozlowski,
  • Heidi Salminen,
  • Alexander D. Frey

摘要

Abstract

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established production host for therapeutic proteins; many of those are small proteins such as insulin or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs. Contrastingly, proteins of higher molecular weight, foremost antibodies, did not reach the market due, among other factors, to limiting productivity. Here we addressed the loss of product to protein degradation through a combination of genetic engineering of the host and medium optimization. We screened target genes that either directly or indirectly can lead to proteolytic degradation. We identified four deletions that are beneficial for expression: PEP1 and VPS30, which both can channel proteins to the vacuole for degradation; MON2, which can lead to the re-uptake of secreted proteins; and ALG3, which can affect the permeability of the cell wall. In parallel, we developed a small-scale fed-batch cultivation system for 24-well deep well plate cultivations and using an amino acid-rich medium. To stabilize secreted proteins, we screened chemical chaperones and osmolytes. We fortified the medium with arginine, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), and Tween-20. Using the engineered yeast strain, which features VPS30, PEP1, and ALG3 deletions, and the small-scale fed-batch system, we obtained 2.5 µg/mL of a secreted chimeric fusion of a nanobody to the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of a human immunoglobulin. Instrumental to the increase in the final titer were the reduced losses. This was achieved by a combination of complementary measures: improving diffusion through the cell wall, achieved through genetic engineering, and reducing losses to proteolytic degradation through medium optimization and genetic engineering. Moreover, we showed that the engineered strain and cultivation set-up are suitable for the production of different antibodies.

Key points

• Chemical chaperones and amino acid-rich medium increased secreted protein titers.

• Medium and host engineering are instrumental for improving productivity.

• Small-scale cultivation system enables production levels suitable for characterization.