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Abstract <p>Antibiotic resistance continues to rise, necessitating alternative strategies. Bacteriophages have emerged as promising natural antibacterial agents, offering a targeted approach to combating bacterial infections. Combining bacteriophages with nanoparticles presents a novel approach that could enhance antibacterial potency while reducing the risk of resistance. While phage/antibiotic cocktails are widely explored to enhance antibacterial efficacy and prevent resistance, research on phage/nanoparticle combinations remains limited. We explore the synergy between green tea extract-capped silver nanoparticles (G-TeaNPs) and bacteriophages in combating pathogenic bacteria (methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella enterica</i>). G-TeaNPs show minimal antiphage activity, ensuring compatibility in phage-NP formulations. These combinations significantly reduce bacterial counts in a short time (only 3&#xa0;h), e.g., <i>S. aureus</i> survival is around 30% after incubation with just 0.001&#xa0;mg/mL of G-TeaNPs, while G-TeaNPs and phages alone result in around 80% and 70% survival, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests against eukaryotic 3T3 NIH fibroblast cells confirm biocompatibility at effective concentrations. Additionally, we examine G-TeaNPs’ impact on the free-living protist <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i>. Both green tea extract and G-TeaNPs can reduce <i>A. castellanii</i> cell counts by 80%, but only at high concentrations. Microscopy revealed nanoparticle uptake by amoebae, causing intracellular accumulation and vacuolization, while green tea extract induced similar changes without uptake. Our findings highlight G-TeaNPs as safe, effective agents in phage/nanoparticle antibacterial formulations with dual antimicrobial and amoebicidal properties for therapeutic and environmental applications.</p> Keypoints <p>• <i>Silver nanoparticles synthesized with tea extracts (G-TeaNPs) have a minimal effect on the tested viruses.</i></p> <p>• <i>Combining G-TeaNP with bacteriophages offers new-generation antibacterial cocktails.</i></p> <p>• <i>Green tea extracts and AgNPs present concentration-dependent anti-amoebic activity.</i></p>

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Phage/nanoparticle cocktails for a biocompatible and environmentally friendly antibacterial therapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月29日

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  • Mateusz Wdowiak,
  • Sada Raza,
  • Mateusz Grotek,
  • Rafał Zbonikowski,
  • Julita Nowakowska,
  • Maria Doligalska,
  • Ningjing Cai,
  • Zhi Luo,
  • Jan Paczesny

摘要

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance continues to rise, necessitating alternative strategies. Bacteriophages have emerged as promising natural antibacterial agents, offering a targeted approach to combating bacterial infections. Combining bacteriophages with nanoparticles presents a novel approach that could enhance antibacterial potency while reducing the risk of resistance. While phage/antibiotic cocktails are widely explored to enhance antibacterial efficacy and prevent resistance, research on phage/nanoparticle combinations remains limited. We explore the synergy between green tea extract-capped silver nanoparticles (G-TeaNPs) and bacteriophages in combating pathogenic bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica). G-TeaNPs show minimal antiphage activity, ensuring compatibility in phage-NP formulations. These combinations significantly reduce bacterial counts in a short time (only 3 h), e.g., S. aureus survival is around 30% after incubation with just 0.001 mg/mL of G-TeaNPs, while G-TeaNPs and phages alone result in around 80% and 70% survival, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests against eukaryotic 3T3 NIH fibroblast cells confirm biocompatibility at effective concentrations. Additionally, we examine G-TeaNPs’ impact on the free-living protist Acanthamoeba castellanii. Both green tea extract and G-TeaNPs can reduce A. castellanii cell counts by 80%, but only at high concentrations. Microscopy revealed nanoparticle uptake by amoebae, causing intracellular accumulation and vacuolization, while green tea extract induced similar changes without uptake. Our findings highlight G-TeaNPs as safe, effective agents in phage/nanoparticle antibacterial formulations with dual antimicrobial and amoebicidal properties for therapeutic and environmental applications.

Keypoints

• Silver nanoparticles synthesized with tea extracts (G-TeaNPs) have a minimal effect on the tested viruses.

• Combining G-TeaNP with bacteriophages offers new-generation antibacterial cocktails.

• Green tea extracts and AgNPs present concentration-dependent anti-amoebic activity.