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<p>Chemokine receptor type 1 (<i>CCR1</i>) is expressed on several immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. In rodents, a paralog of <i>CCR1</i> was identified and called <i>CCR1L1</i>. Here, we studied the evolution of the <i>CCR1</i> gene in mammals. Our results show that CCR1L1 is restricted to specific mammalian lineages, with muroids and ruminants each harbouring two CCR1-related paralogs. Topology tests do not unambiguously discriminate between independent duplications and an ancestral duplication followed by lineage-specific losses. Branch-site analyses revealed episodic positive selection acting on CCR1L1 lineages, including the basal branches of the two CCR1L1 clades. Moreover, we observed that selective regimes differ between the two CCR1L1 mammalian groups, with evidence for a shift in selection intensity in ruminants but not in muroids. We identified several amino acid changes in the structural components of chemokine receptors that are likely to impact the Ruminants <i>CCR1L1</i> function. In <i>Bos javanicus</i> and <i>Moschus berezovskii</i>,<i> CCR1L1</i> pseudogenes with premature stop codons were identified. Expression data indicate that <i>Bos taurus</i>,<i> CCR1</i> is expressed in at least seven tissues, whereas <i>CCR1L1</i> is only expressed in the lung. Together, these results suggest a complex evolutionary history for CCR1L1, involving duplication, lineage-specific selection, and, in some species, pseudogenization.</p>

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Evolution of CCR1 and CCR1L1 reveals complex duplication scenarios in Muroids and Ruminants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • João Pedro Marques,
  • Ana Pinheiro,
  • Pedro José Esteves

摘要

Chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) is expressed on several immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. In rodents, a paralog of CCR1 was identified and called CCR1L1. Here, we studied the evolution of the CCR1 gene in mammals. Our results show that CCR1L1 is restricted to specific mammalian lineages, with muroids and ruminants each harbouring two CCR1-related paralogs. Topology tests do not unambiguously discriminate between independent duplications and an ancestral duplication followed by lineage-specific losses. Branch-site analyses revealed episodic positive selection acting on CCR1L1 lineages, including the basal branches of the two CCR1L1 clades. Moreover, we observed that selective regimes differ between the two CCR1L1 mammalian groups, with evidence for a shift in selection intensity in ruminants but not in muroids. We identified several amino acid changes in the structural components of chemokine receptors that are likely to impact the Ruminants CCR1L1 function. In Bos javanicus and Moschus berezovskii, CCR1L1 pseudogenes with premature stop codons were identified. Expression data indicate that Bos taurus, CCR1 is expressed in at least seven tissues, whereas CCR1L1 is only expressed in the lung. Together, these results suggest a complex evolutionary history for CCR1L1, involving duplication, lineage-specific selection, and, in some species, pseudogenization.