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<p>Understanding how feeding ecology and environmental conditions shape gut microbiota is essential for interpreting host–microbe interactions in extreme environments. Here, we investigated the diet and gut-associated bacterial communities of the Antarctic fairy shrimp <i>Branchinecta gaini</i> across multiple postglacial freshwater ponds on King George Island. We combined microscopic gut content analysis with 18&#xa0;S and 16&#xa0;S rRNA gene metabarcoding and distinguished between gut content and gut tract–associated bacterial fractions in pooled, pond-level samples to assess the relative roles of diet, host filtering, and environmental context in structuring gut-associated communities. Our results reveal pronounced dietary flexibility of <i>B. gaini</i>, with strong site-specific differences in consumed eukaryotic taxa reflecting local resource availability. This trophic variability was mirrored by highly variable gut-associated bacterial communities, characterized by low taxonomic overlap among ponds and the absence of a stable core microbiota at the pooled sample level. Although bacterial assemblages differed between gut contents and gut tract, consistent at the composite-sample scale, this pattern suggests limited evidence for strong host filtering. Gut-associated communities retained pond-specific signatures, indicating a dominant role of environmental sourcing. Environmental drivers influenced different aspects of gut microbiome organization: hydrological connectivity and associated conductivity gradients were linked to shifts in bacterial community composition, whereas water temperature showed a non-linear association with bacterial alpha diversity but not with overall community structure. Water pH showed no detectable effect on either metric. Together, these findings indicate that gut-associated bacterial communities of <i>B. gaini</i>, as captured by pooled samples, largely reflect environmentally acquired assemblages shaped by opportunistic feeding and local environmental filtering. This ecological flexibility may represent a key strategy enabling persistence of <i>B. gaini</i> across highly heterogeneous Antarctic freshwater ecosystems.</p>

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Gut Microbiota and Feeding Patterns of the Antarctic Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta gaini Daday, 1910): A Metabarcoding Perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月2日

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  • Stanisław Cukier,
  • Jan Gawor,
  • Jakub Grzesiak

摘要

Understanding how feeding ecology and environmental conditions shape gut microbiota is essential for interpreting host–microbe interactions in extreme environments. Here, we investigated the diet and gut-associated bacterial communities of the Antarctic fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini across multiple postglacial freshwater ponds on King George Island. We combined microscopic gut content analysis with 18 S and 16 S rRNA gene metabarcoding and distinguished between gut content and gut tract–associated bacterial fractions in pooled, pond-level samples to assess the relative roles of diet, host filtering, and environmental context in structuring gut-associated communities. Our results reveal pronounced dietary flexibility of B. gaini, with strong site-specific differences in consumed eukaryotic taxa reflecting local resource availability. This trophic variability was mirrored by highly variable gut-associated bacterial communities, characterized by low taxonomic overlap among ponds and the absence of a stable core microbiota at the pooled sample level. Although bacterial assemblages differed between gut contents and gut tract, consistent at the composite-sample scale, this pattern suggests limited evidence for strong host filtering. Gut-associated communities retained pond-specific signatures, indicating a dominant role of environmental sourcing. Environmental drivers influenced different aspects of gut microbiome organization: hydrological connectivity and associated conductivity gradients were linked to shifts in bacterial community composition, whereas water temperature showed a non-linear association with bacterial alpha diversity but not with overall community structure. Water pH showed no detectable effect on either metric. Together, these findings indicate that gut-associated bacterial communities of B. gaini, as captured by pooled samples, largely reflect environmentally acquired assemblages shaped by opportunistic feeding and local environmental filtering. This ecological flexibility may represent a key strategy enabling persistence of B. gaini across highly heterogeneous Antarctic freshwater ecosystems.