<p>Combining model-based and model-free reinforcement learning approaches, this paper proposes and analyzes an <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϵ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-policy gradient algorithm for the online pricing learning task. The algorithm extends <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϵ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-greedy algorithm by replacing greedy exploitation with gradient descent step and facilitates learning via model inference. We optimize the regret of the proposed algorithm by quantifying the exploration cost in terms of the exploration probability <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\epsilon \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ϵ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and the exploitation cost in terms of the gradient descent optimization and gradient estimation errors. The algorithm achieves an expected regret of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {O}(\sqrt{T})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msqrt> <mi>T</mi> </msqrt> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (up to a logarithmic factor) over <i>T</i> trials.</p>

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\(\epsilon \)-Policy Gradient for Online Pricing

  • Lukasz Szpruch,
  • Tanut Treetanthiploet,
  • Yufei Zhang

摘要

Combining model-based and model-free reinforcement learning approaches, this paper proposes and analyzes an \(\epsilon \) ϵ -policy gradient algorithm for the online pricing learning task. The algorithm extends \(\epsilon \) ϵ -greedy algorithm by replacing greedy exploitation with gradient descent step and facilitates learning via model inference. We optimize the regret of the proposed algorithm by quantifying the exploration cost in terms of the exploration probability \(\epsilon \) ϵ and the exploitation cost in terms of the gradient descent optimization and gradient estimation errors. The algorithm achieves an expected regret of order \(\mathcal {O}(\sqrt{T})\) O ( T ) (up to a logarithmic factor) over T trials.