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<p>Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) and organophosphine oxides (OPOs) are two major classes of organophosphorus compounds that have been commonly applied as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants, and are frequently detected in aquatic environments. In recent years, several emerging compounds from both classes have been identified. However, their occurrence, particle–water partitioning, and ecological risks in aquatic environments remain poorly understood. Because suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays a critical role in the transport, phase distribution, and ecological exposure of hydrophobic contaminants, surface water and SPM were simultaneously collected at 27 sites along the Huangpu River and its tributaries. Fourteen OPEs and three OPOs, including the emerging compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phenyl phosphate (BEHPP), tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO), and ethyldiphenylphosphine oxide (EDPPO), were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, 280.4 ± 126.5&#xa0;ng/L), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO, 209.4 ± 192.0&#xa0;ng/L), and triethyl phosphate (TEP, 163.5 ± 63.8&#xa0;ng/L) dominated in surface water, while tris-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP, 203.7 ± 130.1&#xa0;ng/g), TCIPP (174.3 ± 174.6&#xa0;ng/g), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, 66.2 ± 66.2&#xa0;ng/g) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP, 62.2 ± 44.7&#xa0;ng/g) prevailed in SPM. Additionally, emerging substances such as BEHPP, TBPO and EDPPO were detected in all surface water samples at 0.9 ± 0.7, 39.5 ± 19.8, and 0.8 ± 0.3&#xa0;ng/L, respectively. BEHPP and TBPO were also widely detected in SPM samples at 40.1 ± 22.1 and 16.1 ± 34.7&#xa0;ng/g, respectively. Particle–water partitioning of OPEs and OPOs was influenced, at least partially, by their hydrophobicity. Risk assessment results indicated low ecological risks for OPEs and OPOs in surface water. In contrast, medium to high risks in SPM particularly from traditional compounds (TiBP, TBOEP, TCIPP and EHDPP) and emerging BEHPP warrant further attention.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Occurrence, Particle–Water Partitioning, and Ecological Risk of Traditional and Emerging Organophosphorus Esters and Organophosphine Oxides in Urban Waters of Shanghai, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Yan Shi,
  • Yang Cheng,
  • Le Guo,
  • Long Chen,
  • Ying Yang,
  • Huajun Zhen,
  • Guangli Xiu

摘要

Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) and organophosphine oxides (OPOs) are two major classes of organophosphorus compounds that have been commonly applied as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants, and are frequently detected in aquatic environments. In recent years, several emerging compounds from both classes have been identified. However, their occurrence, particle–water partitioning, and ecological risks in aquatic environments remain poorly understood. Because suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays a critical role in the transport, phase distribution, and ecological exposure of hydrophobic contaminants, surface water and SPM were simultaneously collected at 27 sites along the Huangpu River and its tributaries. Fourteen OPEs and three OPOs, including the emerging compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phenyl phosphate (BEHPP), tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO), and ethyldiphenylphosphine oxide (EDPPO), were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, 280.4 ± 126.5 ng/L), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO, 209.4 ± 192.0 ng/L), and triethyl phosphate (TEP, 163.5 ± 63.8 ng/L) dominated in surface water, while tris-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP, 203.7 ± 130.1 ng/g), TCIPP (174.3 ± 174.6 ng/g), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP, 66.2 ± 66.2 ng/g) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP, 62.2 ± 44.7 ng/g) prevailed in SPM. Additionally, emerging substances such as BEHPP, TBPO and EDPPO were detected in all surface water samples at 0.9 ± 0.7, 39.5 ± 19.8, and 0.8 ± 0.3 ng/L, respectively. BEHPP and TBPO were also widely detected in SPM samples at 40.1 ± 22.1 and 16.1 ± 34.7 ng/g, respectively. Particle–water partitioning of OPEs and OPOs was influenced, at least partially, by their hydrophobicity. Risk assessment results indicated low ecological risks for OPEs and OPOs in surface water. In contrast, medium to high risks in SPM particularly from traditional compounds (TiBP, TBOEP, TCIPP and EHDPP) and emerging BEHPP warrant further attention.

Graphical Abstract