Background <p>Deep superior epigastric artery (DSEA) perforator (DSEP) flaps in pigs have long been considered inverted human deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator (DIEP) flaps. However, the venous system of the pig DSEP flap has been ignored. The objective of this study was to explore the venous system of the pig DSEP flap and to explore the feasibility of establishing venous system-related flap models on the abdominal wall in pigs.</p> Methods <p>We performed a descriptive study of the venous anatomy of the DSEP flap in 10 Shanghai White pig cadavers. We conducted surgical procedures for the DSEP flap on another five infused specimens. We designed the DSEP flap in an oval area near the umbilicus. For the venous drainage model, we cut or preserved the SCEV on two sides according to the study design. For the arterialized venous flap (AVF) model, we anastomosed the proximal end of the DSEA with the distal end of the VC. We compared the pig DSEP flaps and human DIEP flaps with reference to the literature.</p> Results <p>The superficial cranial epigastric vein (SCEV) and the venae comitantes (VC) of the DSEA and DSEA were consistently present in all 10 samples (10/10) and gave off two rows of branches, the lateral and medial rows. The DSEA measured 1.25 ± 0.14&#xa0;mm in diameter and gave off the medial (<i>n</i> = 3–5) and lateral (<i>n</i> = 6–8) rows of skin perforators. During the surgical procedures used to construct a DSEP flap, both the exposure and the dissection of the DSEA and its skin perforators are similar to those of humans.</p> Conclusions <p>The DSEP flap exhibited a dual venous system via the SCEV and VC of the DSEA. Pig abdominal walls can be used to establish venous system-related flap models.</p> Level of evidence: Not gradable

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The venous system of the deep superior epigastric artery perforator flap in pigs: an anatomical study with applications for translational research

  • Yanhai Zuo,
  • Pan Long,
  • Xinchu Zhou,
  • Yi Zhao

摘要

Background

Deep superior epigastric artery (DSEA) perforator (DSEP) flaps in pigs have long been considered inverted human deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) perforator (DIEP) flaps. However, the venous system of the pig DSEP flap has been ignored. The objective of this study was to explore the venous system of the pig DSEP flap and to explore the feasibility of establishing venous system-related flap models on the abdominal wall in pigs.

Methods

We performed a descriptive study of the venous anatomy of the DSEP flap in 10 Shanghai White pig cadavers. We conducted surgical procedures for the DSEP flap on another five infused specimens. We designed the DSEP flap in an oval area near the umbilicus. For the venous drainage model, we cut or preserved the SCEV on two sides according to the study design. For the arterialized venous flap (AVF) model, we anastomosed the proximal end of the DSEA with the distal end of the VC. We compared the pig DSEP flaps and human DIEP flaps with reference to the literature.

Results

The superficial cranial epigastric vein (SCEV) and the venae comitantes (VC) of the DSEA and DSEA were consistently present in all 10 samples (10/10) and gave off two rows of branches, the lateral and medial rows. The DSEA measured 1.25 ± 0.14 mm in diameter and gave off the medial (n = 3–5) and lateral (n = 6–8) rows of skin perforators. During the surgical procedures used to construct a DSEP flap, both the exposure and the dissection of the DSEA and its skin perforators are similar to those of humans.

Conclusions

The DSEP flap exhibited a dual venous system via the SCEV and VC of the DSEA. Pig abdominal walls can be used to establish venous system-related flap models.

Level of evidence: Not gradable