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<p>Fouling is a severe problem in emulsion polymerization, which – among other consequences – currently prevents polymerization in continuous flow reactors. Measuring the early stages of fouling (&lt; 10&#xa0;μm) can be challenging due to the low sensitivity of traditional fouling detection methods (i.e., thermal resistance and pressure drop). In comparison, measurements conducted with a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance enable the in-situ monitoring of fouling and the detection of the initial layers fouling. In this study, a QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) was configured to function as a heat transfer surface to compare the fouling of acrylates and vinyl acetate. For the acrylates, fouling is self-limiting such that the layer thickness is finite and within the range of the diameter of acrylate particles. Thus, for acrylates fouling can be described as the adsorption of a single layer of particles. For vinyl acetate, the fouling layers grow continuously and result in a thick coagulum. The mechanistic details associated with the difference between acrylates and vinyl acetate is the subject of ongoing investigations. Furthermore, this work also explores how QCM-D technology can contribute to the study of fouling in general.</p>

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Differences in emulsion polymerization fouling between acrylates and vinyl acetate studied in-situ with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月13日

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  • K. M. Hoffmann,
  • A. Langhoff,
  • J. Adams,
  • H. A. Huellemeier,
  • W. Augustin,
  • S. Scholl,
  • D. Johannsmann

摘要

Fouling is a severe problem in emulsion polymerization, which – among other consequences – currently prevents polymerization in continuous flow reactors. Measuring the early stages of fouling (< 10 μm) can be challenging due to the low sensitivity of traditional fouling detection methods (i.e., thermal resistance and pressure drop). In comparison, measurements conducted with a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance enable the in-situ monitoring of fouling and the detection of the initial layers fouling. In this study, a QCM-D (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring) was configured to function as a heat transfer surface to compare the fouling of acrylates and vinyl acetate. For the acrylates, fouling is self-limiting such that the layer thickness is finite and within the range of the diameter of acrylate particles. Thus, for acrylates fouling can be described as the adsorption of a single layer of particles. For vinyl acetate, the fouling layers grow continuously and result in a thick coagulum. The mechanistic details associated with the difference between acrylates and vinyl acetate is the subject of ongoing investigations. Furthermore, this work also explores how QCM-D technology can contribute to the study of fouling in general.