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<p>Box jellyfish are active swimmers with well-developed visual systems. Conventional plankton-net sampling may bias density estimates because of factors such as net avoidance, diel vertical migration, and other behaviorally mediated distributional changes, while boat-based sampling in shallow coastal waters is often constrained by local topography and field conditions. Given these limitations, light-traps may provide an alternative sampling approach for box jellyfish. However, translating light-trap catches into density estimates remains difficult because the sampling volume of light-traps is not directly measurable and must be approximated from optical and behavioral assumptions. In this study, we evaluated the positive phototactic response of <i>Carybdea brevipedalia</i>, the only cubozoan species reported from Korean coastal waters, using an LED light source. We measured behavioral parameters including response distance at different light intensities and swimming speed, and estimated the threshold irradiance for attraction (5.21 × 10<sup>− 3</sup> µmol photons m<sup>− 2</sup> s<sup>− 1</sup>). Using these parameters, we developed a behavior-informed operational framework to approximate the sampling volume of light-traps and applied it under field conditions. After correction using the operationally estimated sampling volume, light-trap-based density estimates did not differ significantly from those obtained by paired plankton-net tows. These findings suggest that light-trap sampling may provide a complementary approach to conventional net-based surveys and, with further validation under broader environmental conditions, may support more robust density estimation in future applications.</p>

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Phototactic response of the box jellyfish Carybdea brevipedalia and density estimation using light-trap sampling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Gunhee Sung,
  • Jinho Chae,
  • Jaeyeong Park,
  • Jeong Ha Kim

摘要

Box jellyfish are active swimmers with well-developed visual systems. Conventional plankton-net sampling may bias density estimates because of factors such as net avoidance, diel vertical migration, and other behaviorally mediated distributional changes, while boat-based sampling in shallow coastal waters is often constrained by local topography and field conditions. Given these limitations, light-traps may provide an alternative sampling approach for box jellyfish. However, translating light-trap catches into density estimates remains difficult because the sampling volume of light-traps is not directly measurable and must be approximated from optical and behavioral assumptions. In this study, we evaluated the positive phototactic response of Carybdea brevipedalia, the only cubozoan species reported from Korean coastal waters, using an LED light source. We measured behavioral parameters including response distance at different light intensities and swimming speed, and estimated the threshold irradiance for attraction (5.21 × 10− 3 µmol photons m− 2 s− 1). Using these parameters, we developed a behavior-informed operational framework to approximate the sampling volume of light-traps and applied it under field conditions. After correction using the operationally estimated sampling volume, light-trap-based density estimates did not differ significantly from those obtained by paired plankton-net tows. These findings suggest that light-trap sampling may provide a complementary approach to conventional net-based surveys and, with further validation under broader environmental conditions, may support more robust density estimation in future applications.