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<p>Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> and decrease in the pH of seawater resulting from the absorption of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by the ocean. This study investigated OA impacts across multiple generations (F0-F3) of the copepod <i>Acartia tonsa</i> which were exposed to four pH conditions (8.1, 7.8, 7.6 and 7.1). Key reproductive and developmental traits were evaluated, including egg production, hatchability, development time, fecal pellet production, and sex ratio. Results showed that pH 7.1 significantly reduced egg production, hatchability and fecal pellet production, while prolonging the N–C time; N-A time remained unaffected by pH across all groups. For sex ratio, a downward trend was observed with increasing generations and decreasing pH: in F3, female proportion in pH 7.8, 7.6 and 7.1 groups was significantly lower than in the control group, and pH 7.1 and 7.6 groups had lower F3 female proportion than in the F1 generation. <i>A. tonsa</i> showed some tolerance under short-term acidification conditions at pH 7.1, but its physiological functions were further reduced after long-term exposure, suggesting a limited adaptive capacity. Ecologically, <i>A. tonsa</i> is a dominant coastal zooplankton species that links phytoplankton to higher trophic levels (e.g., fish larvae) and mediates energy flow and biogeochemical cycling. These results highlight the risks to key zooplankton populations and associated ecosystem functioning. Future studies should focus on the long-term effects of acidification on <i>A. tonsa</i> and combine multi-species experiments with field surveys to assess the ecological risks of OA.</p>

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Multigenerational physiological plasticity of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa in response to ocean acidification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Mengyuan Liu,
  • Chao Zhou,
  • Isabella Buttino,
  • Jinpei Yan,
  • Xinjian Yu,
  • Hongbo Zhang,
  • Yueze Zhao

摘要

Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in the partial pressure of CO2 and decrease in the pH of seawater resulting from the absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean. This study investigated OA impacts across multiple generations (F0-F3) of the copepod Acartia tonsa which were exposed to four pH conditions (8.1, 7.8, 7.6 and 7.1). Key reproductive and developmental traits were evaluated, including egg production, hatchability, development time, fecal pellet production, and sex ratio. Results showed that pH 7.1 significantly reduced egg production, hatchability and fecal pellet production, while prolonging the N–C time; N-A time remained unaffected by pH across all groups. For sex ratio, a downward trend was observed with increasing generations and decreasing pH: in F3, female proportion in pH 7.8, 7.6 and 7.1 groups was significantly lower than in the control group, and pH 7.1 and 7.6 groups had lower F3 female proportion than in the F1 generation. A. tonsa showed some tolerance under short-term acidification conditions at pH 7.1, but its physiological functions were further reduced after long-term exposure, suggesting a limited adaptive capacity. Ecologically, A. tonsa is a dominant coastal zooplankton species that links phytoplankton to higher trophic levels (e.g., fish larvae) and mediates energy flow and biogeochemical cycling. These results highlight the risks to key zooplankton populations and associated ecosystem functioning. Future studies should focus on the long-term effects of acidification on A. tonsa and combine multi-species experiments with field surveys to assess the ecological risks of OA.