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<p>Industrial beech timber steaming generates a process condensate that is typically treated as wastewater, despite its potential biological activity. This study explored the chemistry of beech steaming condensate (BSC) produced during an indirect industrial process and quantified its in-vitro effects on seed germination and early seedling growth in two model weeds, with maize as a crop reference. BSC was collected after two consecutive 12&#xa0;h indirect-steaming cycles at 95&#xa0;°C (25&#xa0;mm beech timber). Chemical characterisation used UHPLC–QToF–MS (targeted identification/quantification of phenolics). Bioassays (0.25–4% v/v) measured germination, seedling length, root length and shoot length in tested plants, with four-parameter log–logistic models used to derive EC₅₀ and selectivity indices (EC₅₀,maize/EC₅₀,weed). It was found that BSC was dominated by phenolic acids (notably hydroxybenzoic and dihydroxybenzoic acids with syringic/vanillic hexosides), with modest flavonoids (chiefly (epi)catechin-3-<i>O</i>-hexoside and taxifolin glycosides) and trace lignans. Dose-dependent inhibition was observed across variables: EC₅₀ for germination ranged from 1.55% (<i>A. retroflexus</i>) to 3.44% (maize); for seedling length 0.45–0.95%; for roots 0.39–0.68%; and for shoots 0.46–1.58% (all % v/v). Selectivity index exceeded 1 for every variable (1.45–3.43), indicating weed-over-crop sensitivity. Effective inhibition occurred at ~ 1–2% (v/v), close to the as-produced condensate concentration (dry matter 2.2% w/v). Under process-realistic conditions, BSC exhibits a benzoic-acid–dominated fingerprint and selective inhibition of early weed development relative to maize. This establishes a laboratory proof-of-concept for valorising an existing wood-industry stream and motivates greenhouse verification, storage-stability checks and small-plot tests.</p>

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Valorisation of beech steaming condensate: in vitro phytotoxicity and selectivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Teodora Tojić,
  • Goran Milić,
  • Sava Vrbničanin,
  • Bojana Špirović-Trifunović,
  • Dragana Božić,
  • Ivana Gavrilović-Grmuša,
  • Marko Veizović

摘要

Industrial beech timber steaming generates a process condensate that is typically treated as wastewater, despite its potential biological activity. This study explored the chemistry of beech steaming condensate (BSC) produced during an indirect industrial process and quantified its in-vitro effects on seed germination and early seedling growth in two model weeds, with maize as a crop reference. BSC was collected after two consecutive 12 h indirect-steaming cycles at 95 °C (25 mm beech timber). Chemical characterisation used UHPLC–QToF–MS (targeted identification/quantification of phenolics). Bioassays (0.25–4% v/v) measured germination, seedling length, root length and shoot length in tested plants, with four-parameter log–logistic models used to derive EC₅₀ and selectivity indices (EC₅₀,maize/EC₅₀,weed). It was found that BSC was dominated by phenolic acids (notably hydroxybenzoic and dihydroxybenzoic acids with syringic/vanillic hexosides), with modest flavonoids (chiefly (epi)catechin-3-O-hexoside and taxifolin glycosides) and trace lignans. Dose-dependent inhibition was observed across variables: EC₅₀ for germination ranged from 1.55% (A. retroflexus) to 3.44% (maize); for seedling length 0.45–0.95%; for roots 0.39–0.68%; and for shoots 0.46–1.58% (all % v/v). Selectivity index exceeded 1 for every variable (1.45–3.43), indicating weed-over-crop sensitivity. Effective inhibition occurred at ~ 1–2% (v/v), close to the as-produced condensate concentration (dry matter 2.2% w/v). Under process-realistic conditions, BSC exhibits a benzoic-acid–dominated fingerprint and selective inhibition of early weed development relative to maize. This establishes a laboratory proof-of-concept for valorising an existing wood-industry stream and motivates greenhouse verification, storage-stability checks and small-plot tests.