<p>We prove the existence of macroscopic loops in the loop&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="34" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{O}(2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> model with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{1}{2}\le x^2\le 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or, equivalently, delocalisation of the associated integer-valued Lipschitz function on the triangular lattice. This settles one side of the conjecture of Fan, Domany, and Nienhuis (1970&#xa0;s–1980&#xa0;s) that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x^2 = \frac{1}{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the critical point. We also prove delocalisation in the six-vertex model with <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="151" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;a,\,b\le c\le a+b\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>b</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This yields a new proof of continuity of the phase transition in the random-cluster and Potts models in two dimensions for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="72" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1\le q\le 4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> relying neither on integrability tools (parafermionic observables, Bethe Ansatz), nor on the Russo–Seymour–Welsh theory. Our approach goes through a novel FKG property required for the non-coexistence theorem of Zhang and Sheffield, which is used to prove delocalisation all the way up to the critical point. We also use the <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathbb {T}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-circuit argument in the case of the six-vertex model. Finally, we extend an existing renormalisation inequality in order to quantify the delocalisation as being logarithmic, in the regimes <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{1}{2}\le x^2\le 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="220_2025_5259_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="132" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=b\le c\le a+b\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This is consistent with the conjecture that the scaling limit is the Gaussian free field.</p>

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Delocalisation and Continuity in 2D: Loop \(\textrm{O}(2)\), Six-Vertex, and Random-Cluster Models

  • Alexander Glazman,
  • Piet Lammers

摘要

We prove the existence of macroscopic loops in the loop  \(\textrm{O}(2)\) O ( 2 ) model with \(\frac{1}{2}\le x^2\le 1\) 1 2 x 2 1 or, equivalently, delocalisation of the associated integer-valued Lipschitz function on the triangular lattice. This settles one side of the conjecture of Fan, Domany, and Nienhuis (1970 s–1980 s) that \(x^2 = \frac{1}{2}\) x 2 = 1 2 is the critical point. We also prove delocalisation in the six-vertex model with \(0<a,\,b\le c\le a+b\) 0 < a , b c a + b . This yields a new proof of continuity of the phase transition in the random-cluster and Potts models in two dimensions for \(1\le q\le 4\) 1 q 4 relying neither on integrability tools (parafermionic observables, Bethe Ansatz), nor on the Russo–Seymour–Welsh theory. Our approach goes through a novel FKG property required for the non-coexistence theorem of Zhang and Sheffield, which is used to prove delocalisation all the way up to the critical point. We also use the \({\mathbb {T}}\) T -circuit argument in the case of the six-vertex model. Finally, we extend an existing renormalisation inequality in order to quantify the delocalisation as being logarithmic, in the regimes \(\frac{1}{2}\le x^2\le 1\) 1 2 x 2 1 and \(a=b\le c\le a+b\) a = b c a + b . This is consistent with the conjecture that the scaling limit is the Gaussian free field.