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<p>In this study, green extraction (Ultrasonic) and conventional (Soxhlet) extraction methods, utilizing a Box-Behnken design, were optimized to valorize pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>) and tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) peels. The effectiveness of the extracts was evaluated based on their antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. β-carotenoids were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The high amount of extractives highlighted the presence of carotenoids and other phenolic compounds, making pomegranates (Punica granatum) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) peels valuable sources of antioxidants. The optimal yield in Soxhlet extraction for tomato peels was 11,616.1&#xa0;µg/g with 91.6% inhibition at 70&#xa0;°C for 360&#xa0;min, while for pomegranate peels it was 11,565.4&#xa0;µg/g with 93.0% inhibition at 70&#xa0;°C for 360&#xa0;min. For ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the optimized yield for pomegranate peels was 14,469.5&#xa0;µg/g with 99.4% inhibition at 70&#xa0;°C for 20&#xa0;min, and for tomato peels it was 13,962.5&#xa0;µg/g with 93.2% inhibition at 70&#xa0;°C for 20&#xa0;min. The highest yield was achieved through ultrasonic-assisted extraction using pomegranate peels. Temperature and solvent ratio were key factors influencing yield. Pearson correlation and ANOVA were performed to assess the effect of the extraction techniques and sample types on radical scavenging activity. The current study demonstrates the simultaneous profiling of β-carotenoid, punicalagin, lutein, and ellagitannin from pomegranate and tomato peels using ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with LC–MS/MS, which has not been reported before to the best of our knowledge. This research offers an economically viable strategy for food waste valorization and promotes the sustainable use of pomegranate and tomato peels to attain value-added compounds for food, pharmaceuticals, or other industries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated optimization of carotenoid extraction from pomegranate and tomato by-products using Box-Behnken design and simultaneous profiling of bioactive compounds through LC–MS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Saira Riaz,
  • Sofia Nosheen,
  • Mamoona -,
  • Sadia Ismail Shah,
  • Sarah Shahid

摘要

In this study, green extraction (Ultrasonic) and conventional (Soxhlet) extraction methods, utilizing a Box-Behnken design, were optimized to valorize pomegranate (Punica granatum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) peels. The effectiveness of the extracts was evaluated based on their antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. β-carotenoids were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The high amount of extractives highlighted the presence of carotenoids and other phenolic compounds, making pomegranates (Punica granatum) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) peels valuable sources of antioxidants. The optimal yield in Soxhlet extraction for tomato peels was 11,616.1 µg/g with 91.6% inhibition at 70 °C for 360 min, while for pomegranate peels it was 11,565.4 µg/g with 93.0% inhibition at 70 °C for 360 min. For ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the optimized yield for pomegranate peels was 14,469.5 µg/g with 99.4% inhibition at 70 °C for 20 min, and for tomato peels it was 13,962.5 µg/g with 93.2% inhibition at 70 °C for 20 min. The highest yield was achieved through ultrasonic-assisted extraction using pomegranate peels. Temperature and solvent ratio were key factors influencing yield. Pearson correlation and ANOVA were performed to assess the effect of the extraction techniques and sample types on radical scavenging activity. The current study demonstrates the simultaneous profiling of β-carotenoid, punicalagin, lutein, and ellagitannin from pomegranate and tomato peels using ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with LC–MS/MS, which has not been reported before to the best of our knowledge. This research offers an economically viable strategy for food waste valorization and promotes the sustainable use of pomegranate and tomato peels to attain value-added compounds for food, pharmaceuticals, or other industries.

Graphical Abstract